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. 2017 Sep 21;7:12050. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11416-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Atrial and ventricular conduction evaluated by optical mapping in CTL, nVLDL, and msVLDL mice. (a) The right atrial propagations in CTL, nVLDL, and msVLDL during rapid atrial pacing (pacing cycle length = 200 ms) were demonstrated in the isochronal map. The white asterisk indicates the pacing site. (b) The conduction velocity was compared among CTL, nVLDL, and msVLDL groups. The conduction velocity in RA, RV and LV were all slower in msVLDL than in CTL and nVLDL mice. Although the conduction velocity in LA is slower in msVLDL than in nVLDL mice, there is no difference in conduction velocity comparing LA in msVLDL than CLT group. ^$P < 0.05 compared with CTL. ^#P < 0.05 compared with nVLDL.