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. 2017 Sep 21;7:12045. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11533-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Schematic overview of the module-based microfluidic system. Liposomes were manufactured with a Staggered Herringbone Mixer (SHM) upstream and flowed through the Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) device for consecutive purification. (B) Schematic overview of the formation of liposomes loaded with a low-solubility model drug, i.e. propofol. Vesicle assembly and drug loading are performed with a SHM, and non-entrapped (free) drug is removed from the mixture by consecutive filtration inside the TFF system. (C) Schematic overview of the formation of liposomes loaded with a model protein, ovalbumin (OVA). Vesicle assembly is performed with a SHM, with post-assembly protein addition; non-entrapped (free) protein is removed by consecutive diafiltration cycles inside the TFF system.