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. 2017 Sep 21;8:651. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00310-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Behavioural assays of ocular-saccade–turning-bout coordination and light-induced gaze bias. a Definition of the eye and tail kinematic parameters. The larva’s tail and eyes are free. The gaze angle, θ _gaze, is defined as the mean orientation of both eyes. The parameter m characterises the instantaneous tail deflection (Supplementary Methods). b–d Gaze dynamics. b Example time-traces of the eye and gaze angles. c Probability distribution function (PDF) of the gaze angle, normalised by its characteristic range (Supplementary Methods), for one fish (solid line) and for N = 29 fish (dashed line). d PDF of the delay τ between successive reorienting saccades for one fish. e–i Ocular-saccade–tail-beat coordination. e Gaze angle and tail deflection signals. f Individual tail-beats turning score M, defined as the integral of m(t) over the swim-bout (Supplementary Methods), vs. the normalised gaze angle g (3681 tail-beats, N = 11 fish). g Histograms of M for leftward (red) and rightward (blue) gaze orientation. The central part of the distribution (standard deviation σ) is used to assess the significance of the tail-bout orientational bias. h Conditional probability of the gaze to be orientated to the left (red) or right (blue) given the tail-beat turning score M (3681 tail-beats, N = 11 fish). The shaded region corresponds to the s.e.m. i Mean peri-saccadic tail deflection signal averaged over leftward (blue) and rightward (red) saccades. j, k Stereo-visual phototaxis. j Scheme of the experimental assay. k PDF of the normalised gaze during periods of unilateral stimulation for animals displaying positive phototaxis (N = 18 fish). Red and blue curves correspond to illumination on the left and right eye, respectively. Dashed curve indicates bilaterally symmetric illumination. l, m Spatio-temporal gaze phototaxis. l Scheme of the virtual-reality assay. The fish is submitted to a uniform illumination whose intensity is driven in real-time by the animal’s gaze angle. m PDF of the normalised gaze angle for virtual leftward (red) and rightward (blue) illumination (N = 13 fish). The dashed curve corresponds to the neutral runs (constant illumination)