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. 2017 Sep 21;8:651. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00310-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Self-oscillatory dynamics and optogenetically evoked saccades. a Dorso-ventral projection of the gaze-tuned (top-half, N = 7 fish) and self-oscillatory hindbrain population (bottom-half, N = 8 eye-fixed fish). In the latter, the colour encodes tuning to the left (red) and right (blue) pre-selected neuronal clusters, revealing strong antiphasic activity (Supplementary Methods). The two functional maps were registered on the same reference brain to enable side-by-side comparison. The rectangle indicates the region of the rostral hindbrain gaze-tuned population. b Coronal sections of the self-oscillatory population along the dotted lines in the projected view. c Pearson correlation matrix of the neurons engaged in the self-oscillatory dynamics (616 neurons). The matrix was reordered to reveal two highly correlated (and reciprocally anti-correlated) clusters. d Activity of the left vs. right populations (r = −0.43). e Example ΔF/F traces of the left and right groups (top), and of the differential signal (bottom). The grey dotted line shows cos(φ(t))), where φ(t) is the oscillatory phase extracted using Hilbert’s transform. f ΔF/F of the right (blue) and left (red) circuits as a function of the oscillatory phase. The blue and red lines correspond to the mean values. g PDF of the instantaneous oscillation period. h–k Optogenetic activation of ocular saccades. h Schematic of the optogenetic stimulation protocol. i Top: projective view of the previously mapped gaze-tuned regions. Bottom: Z-score map of saccadic entrainment by optogenetic activation averaged over 8 fish (Supplementary Methods). j Mean peri-stimulation normalised gaze signal for three regions: the rostral HBO (rh 2–3), the SGBN (rh 5), a control region (rh 7). The responses of four different fish are shown, and the associated targeted areas are indicated in (i). The 2.75 s-long stimulation periods are indicated by the grey area. k Example gaze signals upon periodic left or right optogenetic stimulation for two region pairs in rh 2–3 and rh 5. l Profile plot of the mean optogenetic Z-score along the rostro-caudal axis (black), overlaid on the ipsiversive (red) and contraversive (blue) gaze-tuned Z-score yellow curve indicates the ipsiversive velocity-tuned Z-score. Ipsiversive saccades are evoked with comparable efficiency by targeting the SGBN (rh 5) or the rostral HBO (rh 2–3)