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. 2017 Sep 21;7:12100. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12121-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of MP on CD14⁺ cells. Monocytes were cultured with different ratios of MP for 24 h (1:10,000, 1:40,000 and 1:80,000) to determine the effect of MP on monocyte immunophenotype. (a) Expression of CD16 on monocytes cultured in the presence of MP or MPγ (n = 6; mean ± SD). (b and c) Monocyte cell surface levels of CD90 and PD-L1 in the presence of MP or MPγ (n = 7; mean ± SD). (d) mRNA expression of monocytes after culture with MP. After 24 h of culture with MP or MPγ, monocytes were separated from MP and assessed by real-time RT-PCR for CD90, IDO, PD-L1, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 expression (n = 6; mean ± SD). Multiple comparison test (two-way ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs control; ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 vs MP group.