Table 3. Standard chemotherapy treatments and their targets in solid tumors.
| Drugs | Cancers | Targets |
|---|---|---|
| Alkylating agents | ||
| Carboplatin | Ovary | DNA alkylation |
| Cisplatin | Biliary, gastric, lung, urogenital | DNA alkylation |
| Cyclophosphamide | Urinary | DNA alkylation |
| Dacarbazine | Skin | DNA alkylation |
| Ifosfamide | Soft tissues | Guanine alkylation |
| Oxaliplatin | Biliary, colorectal, pancreas | DNA crosslinking |
| Temozolomide | Brain | Guanine alkylation |
| Antimetabolites | ||
| 5-Fluorouracil | Colorectal, gastric, pancreas | Pyrimidine analog, TS |
| Capecitabine | Breast, colorectal | Pyrimidine analog, TS |
| Gemcitabine | Biliary, lung, pancreas, urinary | Deoxycytidine analog |
| Methotrexate | Urinary | DHFR |
| Pemetrexed | Lung | TS, DHFR, GARFT |
| Antibiotics/intercalants | ||
| Doxorubicin | Endometrial, soft tissues, urinary | DNA intercalant |
| Camptothecin | Colorectal, pancreas | Topoisomerases I |
| Etoposide | Lung, urogenital | Topoisomerases II |
| Bleomycin | Genitourinary | DNA strand break inducer |
| Antimitotics/spindle poisons | ||
| Docetaxel | Breast, gastric, urinary | β-Tubulin |
| Paclitaxel | Breast, ovary | β-Tubulin |
| Vinblastin | Breast, kidney, urinary | Microtubules |
| Hormone therapy | ||
| Bicalutamide | Prostate | Androgen receptors |
| Goserelin | Prostate | GnRH agonist |
| Tamoxifen | Breast | Estrogen receptors |
| Targeted therapy | ||
| Erlotinib | Pancreas | EGFR |
| Bortezomib | Lymphoma, myeloma | Proteasome |
| Sorafenib | Kidney, liver | FLT3, c-KIT, PDFGRβ, c-RAF, b-RAF, VEGFRII and III |
| Sunitinib | Kidney | FLT3, c-KIT, PDGFRβ, RET, VEGFRI and II |
| Immunotherapy | ||
| Bevacizumab | Kidney, lung | VEGF |
| Trastuzumab | Breast | HER2/neu |
Abbreviations: DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FLT, fms-like tyrosine kinase; GARFT, glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; HER2/neu, human epidermal growth factor receptor; KIT, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RET, rearranged during transfection; TS, thymidylate synthase.