Table 2. Studies on Association of antiphospholipid antibody with pulmonary hypertension.
| Author/Year | Type of Study | Number of subjects | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karmochkine et al. (55) 1996 | Prospective | n = 38 PH (9PPH+29 SPH) aPL | (11/30) +aPL in pre capillary PAH (4/9) +aPL in PPH (44%) (7/29) +aPL in SPH (24%) |
| Wolf et al. (45) 2000 | Prospective |
n = 116: CTEPH n = 83: PPH |
(25/116) CTEPH + APA (8/83) PPH +APA Among 33 CTEPH or PPH patients: (22) + IgG (7) + IgG+IgM (4) + IgM, High titers of antibody 20% in CTEPH & 10% in PPH |
| Tanaseanu et al. (56) 2007 | Prospective | 30 SLE (15PH+/15PH-) 30 COPD (15 PH+/15PH-) |
Frequency of aPL antibody: SLE: (15/15(100%) in SLE/+PH) & (33% in SLE/-PH) COPD: (8/15(53%) in COPD/+PH) & (13% IN COPD/-PH) |
| Fois et al. (19) 2010 | Retrospective | 12 patients: SLE/+PH 9 SLE/+ isolated PH (Group1); 1 SLE/+ PH due to left heart disease(group2); 2 SLE/+PH related to lung disease (group3) |
(9/12) SLE/+PH had a + aCL antibody (frequency 75%) 2 SLE/+PH related due to lung disease: +aCL antibody 2/2 in this group |
| Kamel et al. (57) 2011 | Cross-sectional | Total SLE: 74 SLE/+PH: 8 |
7/8 (88%): SLE with PH/ + (aPL IgG), p = 0.08 Linear regression analyisis: + aCL were significantly associated with PAH occurrence in SLE with p value of 0.006 |
| Cefle et al. (18) 2011 | Retrospective | 10: SLE/+PH 97: SLE/-PH |
SLE/+PH: Total 10 2: + aCL IgG 4: + both aCL IgG & + aCL IgM 1: + aCL IgG, + aCLIgM, + LAC 1: + aCL IgM, + LAC aPL positivity: SLE/+PH (80%) vs. SLE/-PH (36%), p < 0.005. |
| Ware et al. (58) 2015 | Cross-sectional, observational |
n = 50 SLE 23/50: aPL + 11/23: aPL+/+PH |
(11/23) aPL+/+PH (14/ 23) + aCL (3 /23) + LAC (16/23) + Anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies (11) + 2 or more antibodies (PHT) 11/23 APA+ & 2/ 27 APA − Moderate to severe PH (7/ 11) APA + |
| Zuily S et al. (59) 2017 | Meta analysis | 4,480 SLE | Prevalence of PH: + aPL(12.3%) vs. - aPL (7.3%) The highest risk for PH: +LAC & + IgG aCL Low risk: IgM aCL & anti-β-2-glycoprotein I antibodies |
aCL: anticardiolipin antibodies; aPL: antiphospholipid antibodies; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTEPH: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; LAC: lupus anticoagulant; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PH: Pulmonary hypertension; PPH: primary pulmonary hypertension; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SPH: secondary pulmonary hypertension.