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. 2017 Sep 21;7:12128. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12474-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cigarette smoke exposure induces formation of macrophage extracellular traps. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induces macrophage extracellular trap (MET) formation in human bronchoalveolar (BAL) macrophages in vitro (A–D). (A) Represenative image shows MET formation as characterised by extracellular chromatin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, MMP12 and merged image; insert shows isotype control. Scale bars = 30 μm. (B) High resolution image of MET. Scale bars = 10 μm. (C) MET expression as characterised by extracellular chromatin, MMP9 and 12 (n = 20 individuals). (D) MET expression as characterised by extracellular chromatin and citrullinated histone (H3Cit), (n = 13). Exposure to cigarette smoke induces MET expression in murine lung in vivo (E–H). (E) Image shows MET formation by BAL macrophages. Scale bar = 10 μm. (F) MET expression by murine BAL macrophages (n = 13). (G) Image of MET in murine lung tissue. Scale bar = 20 μm. (H) MET expression by lung tissue macrophages (n = 10). Results are shown as air (or control) and smoke exposure (in vitro CSE or in vivo cigarette smoke exposure).