Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses for overweight/obesity among Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above, NHMS 2015
| Characteristic | Sex | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | |
| Physical activity level | ||||
| Low | 1.28 (1.10–1.49)** | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) | 0.84 (0.72–0.98)* | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) |
| Moderate | 1.34 (1.18–1.51)*** | 1.14 (1.01–1.30)* | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 1.02 (0.87–1.18) |
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 18–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 30–39 | 1.31 (1.10–1.57)** | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | 2.10 (1.77–2.49)*** | 2.10 (1.73–2.55)*** |
| 40–49 | 1.98 (1.65–2.37)*** | 1.44 (1.14–1.81)** | 2.55 (2.15–3.01)*** | 2.33 (1.91–2.83)*** |
| 50–59 | 1.96 (1.63–2.35)*** | 1.24 (0.98–1.58) | 3.06 (2.61–3.59)*** | 2.48 (2.01–3.06)*** |
| ≥ 60 | 1.32 (1.10–1.58)** | 0.74 (0.56–0.98)* | 2.09 (1.75–2.49)*** | 1.67 (1.31–2.19)*** |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Malays | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 1.23 (1.04–1.47)* | 2.50 (2.13–2.94)*** | 2.87 (2.40–3.43)*** |
| Chinese | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Indians | 1.59 (1.18–2.13)** | 1.54 (1.13–2.10)** | 4.00 (3.12–5.13)*** | 4.18 (3.19–5.47)*** |
| Other Bumiputeras | 0.99 (0.78–1.25) | 1.17 (0.91–1.50) | 2.20 (1.75–2.78)*** | 2.57 (1.97–3.37)*** |
| Others | 0.44 (0.34–0.57)*** | 0.56 (0.41–0.75)*** | 1.31 (0.98–1.74) | 1.51 (1.10–2.08)* |
| Residential area | ||||
| Urban | 1.41 (1.21–1.63)*** | 1.15 (1.00–1.33) | 0.84 (0.74–0.96)** | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) |
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married | 1.64 (1.43–1.89)*** | 1.38 (1.15–1.67)** | 1.95 (1.69–2.25)*** | 1.02 (0.86–1.22) |
| Widow/widower/divorcee | 1.23 (0.86–1.76) | 1.24 (0.83–1.86) | 1.88 (1.56–2.28)*** | 0.86 (0.67–1.10) |
| Educational level | ||||
| No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 1.56 (1.14–2.13)** | 1.21 (0.88–1.66) | 1.29 (1.04–1.60)* | 1.35 (1.07–1.71)* |
| Secondary | 2.15 (1.58–2.92)*** | 1.50 (1.11–2.04)** | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 1.26 (0.99–1.62) |
| Tertiary | 2.49 (1.81–3.44)*** | 1.67 (1.20–2.33)** | 0.74 (0.60–0.93)** | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) |
| Monthly household income (1 USD = 4.44 MYR) | ||||
| < MYR1000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| MYR1000-MYR1999 | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 1.13 (0.89–1.44) | 1.10 (0.90–1.33) | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) |
| MYR2000-MYR2999 | 1.14 (0.93–1.41) | 1.07 (0.84–1.35) | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) |
| MYR3000-MYR3999 | 1.26 (1.00–1.60)* | 1.15 (0.89–1.49) | 1.03 (0.85–1.26) | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) |
| MYR4000-MYR4999 | 1.31 (1.01–1.71)* | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) | 0.94 (0.78–1.18) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) |
| ≥ MYR5000 | 1.42 (1.16–1.74)** | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) | 0.87 (0.73–1.05) | 1.10 (0.90–1.34) |
| Sedentary behaviour | ||||
| Yes (≥ 8 h sitting time/day) | 1.22 (1.02–1.46)* | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) |
| No (< 8 h sitting time/day) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 2.44 (2.00–2.98)*** | 1.34 (1.05–1.72)* | 2.31 (1.91–2.79)*** | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 2.76 (2.31–3.29)*** | 2.16 (1.75–2.68)*** | 2.58 (2.20–3.02)*** | 2.08 (1.74–2.49)*** |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||
| Yes | 2.73 (2.21–3.38)*** | 1.58 (1.25–1.99)*** | 1.87 (1.58–2.20)*** | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
aOdds ratios (ORs) adjusted for all other variables shown in the table
Statistically significant. *p< 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p< 0.001