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. 2017 Sep 19;4:42. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00042

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Copyright © 2017 Vecchione, Grasselli, Cioffi, Baldini, Oliveira, Sardão, Cortese, Lanni, Voci, Portincasa and Vergani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of silybin on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Under the conditions of Figure 1, the following parameters were measured: (A) The metabolic activity and the cell mass by resazurin and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, respectively. Data are expressed as percentage values with respect to controls. (B) The activity of effector caspase 3, measured as p-nitroanilide (pNA) released after cleavage from the substrate (nmoles of pNA released/μg protein). Calibration was done using known concentrations of pNA. Values are mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was used to assess the statistical significance between groups. Significant differences are denoted by symbols: Ctrl vs all treatments ***p ≤ 0.001; simple steatosis (SS) vs all treatments ^###p ≤ 0.001, ^##p ≤ 0.01, ^#p ≤ 0.05; steatohepatitis (SH) vs all treatments ^$$$p ≤ 0.001.