Table 1. Invasive anuran species in Brazil.

Asterisks denote novel data from the present study.

Invasive species	Category	Original distribution (Frost 2016)	Localities with invasive populations	Estimated decade of introduction	Introduction reason	Source
Eleutherodactylus johnstonei	Imported invasive	Lesser Antilles	São Paulo-SP	Not registered before the 2010s	Unintentional, probably with ornamental plants	Melo et al., 2014 [48]
Leptodactylus labyrinthicus	Domestic invasive	Cerrados and Caatingas of central and southeastern Brazil and eastern Paraguay	Manaus, AM; Canutama, AM*; Belém, PA; Alter do Chão, PA; Santarém, PA*; Presidente Médici, RO*	Unknown, but reports date back to the 1990s	Commercial production	Carvalho et al., 2013 [50]; Neckel-Oliveira et al., 2000 [75]
Lithobates catesbeianus	Imported invasive	North America	130 Brazilian municipalities, mainly in the Atlantic forest	First official shipment in the1930s	Commercial production	Giovanelli et al., 2008 [40]; Both et al., 2011 [41]
Phyllodytes luteolus	Domestic invasive and Domestic alien	Coastal region of eastern Brazil from Paraíba to northern Rio de Janeiro state, northeastern Minas Gerais, and southern Bahia	Rio de Janeiro, RJ; Guarujá, SP*; Rio Claro, SP (only few individuals)*	First records in the 2000s for RJ and 2010s for SP	Unintentional, probably with ornamental plants	Salles and Silva-Soares, 2010 [49]; present study
Rhinella jimi	Domestic invasive	Northeastern Brazil from Maranhão to Bahia and Piauí at elevations of 400–500 m	Fernando de Noronha, PE	Between 1888 and 1973	Insect pest control	Olson, 1981[76]; Oren, 1984 [51]; Vicente et al., 1990 [77]; Toledo and Ribeiro, 2009 [78]; Tolledo et al., 2014 [79]
Scinax x-signatus	Domestic invasive	Non-forest habitats of northern Colombia and Venezuela to Surinam; eastern, southern, and southeastern Brazil	Fernando de Noronha, PE	First records published date from the 1980s	Unintentional, probably with ornamental plants or food supply to the island	Oren, 1984 [51]; Toledo and Ribeiro,2009 [78]