Table 1. Baseline characteristics of total subjects and propensity score matched subjects with T2D according to CHM use.
| Characteristics | Total subjects | p value | Matched subjects | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHM group | Non-CHM group | CHM group | non-CHM group | |||
| N=7,213 | N=16,488 | N=6,948 | N=6,948 | |||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Age | <0.001 | 0.424 | ||||
| 20-40 yrs | 755 (10.47) | 1,469 (8.91) | 732 (10.54) | 666 (9.59) | ||
| 40-50 yrs | 1,589 (22.03) | 3,044 (18.46) | 1,490 (21.45) | 1,460 (21.01) | ||
| 50-60 yrs | 2,188 (30.33) | 4,229 (25.65) | 2,106 (30.31) | 2,149 (30.93) | ||
| 60-70 yrs | 1,574 (21.82) | 3,221 (19.54) | 1,513 (21.78) | 1,520 (21.88) | ||
| 70-80 yrs | 894 (12.39) | 2,904 (17.61) | 894 (12.87) | 938 (13.50) | ||
| ≧80 yrs | 213 (2.95) | 1,621 (9.83) | 213 (3.07) | 215 (3.09) | ||
| Gender | <0.001 | 0.973 | ||||
| Male | 10,899 (66.10) | 3,242 (44.95) | 3,242 (46.66) | 3,240 (46.63) | ||
| Female | 5,589 (33.90) | 3,971 (55.05) | 3,706 (53.34) | 3,708 (53.37) | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | <0.001 | 0.505 | ||||
| No | 5,559 (77.07) | 13,366 (81.07) | 5,506 (79.25) | 5,474 (78.79) | ||
| Yes | 1,654 (22.93) | 3,122 (18.93) | 1,442 (20.75) | 1,474 (21.21) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | <0.001 | 0.688 | ||||
| No | 6,401 (88.74) | 14,141 (85.77) | 6,168 (88.77) | 6,153 (88.56) | ||
| Yes | 812 (11.26) | 2,347 (14.23) | 780 (11.23) | 795 (11.44) | ||
| Renal disease | 0.535 | 0.434 | ||||
| No | 6,877 (95.34) | 15,750 (95.52) | 6,630 (95.42) | 6,649 (95.70) | ||
| Yes | 336 (4.66) | 738 (4.48) | 318 (4.58) | 299 (4.30) | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 4,602 (63.80) | 11,442 (69.40) | 4,455 (64.12) | 4,733 (68.12) | ||
| Yes | 2,611 (36.20) | 5,046 (30.60) | 2,493 (35.88) | 2,215 (31.88) | ||
| Obesity | 0.249 | 0.845 | ||||
| No | 7,156 (99.21) | 16,380 (99.34) | 6,894 (99.22) | 6,896 (99.25) | ||
| Yes | 57 (0.79) | 108 (0.66) | 54 (0.78) | 52 (0.75) | ||
| Alcohol-related illness | 0.018 | 0.911 | ||||
| No | 7,173 (99.45) | 16,349 (99.16) | 6,908 (99.42) | 6,907 (99.41) | ||
| Yes | 40 (0.55) | 139 (0.84) | 40 (0.58) | 41 (0.59) | ||
| Hypertension | <0.001 | 0.285 | ||||
| No | 3,808 (52.79) | 7,926 (48.07) | 3,631 (52.26) | 3,568 (51.35) | ||
| Yes | 3,405 (47.21) | 8,562 (51.93) | 3,317 (47.74) | 3,380 (48.65) | ||
| Myocardial infarction | <0.001 | 0.942 | ||||
| No | 7,117 (98.67) | 16,052 (97.36) | 6,852 (98.62) | 6,853 (98.63) | ||
| Yes | 96 (1.33) | 436 (2.64) | 96 (1.38) | 95 (1.37) | ||
| Anti-hypertensives drug use | <0.001 | 0.429 | ||||
| No | 5265 (72.99) | 12746 (77.30) | 5146 (74.06) | 5105 (73.47) | ||
| Yes | 1948 (27.01) | 3742 (22.70) | 1802 (25.94) | 1843 (26.53) | ||
| Statin use | <0.001 | 0.976 | ||||
| No | 6571 (91.10) | 15271 (92.62) | 6353 (91.44) | 6354 (91.45) | ||
| Yes | 642 (8.90) | 1217 (7.38) | 595 (8.56) | 594 (8.55) | ||
| Insulin use | 0.085 | 0.178 | ||||
| No | 7196 (99.76) | 16426 (99.62) | 6931 (99.76) | 6938 (99.86) | ||
| Yes | 17 (0.24) | 62 (0.38) | 17 (0.24) | 10 (0.14) | ||
| Income | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <NT20000 | 2,728 (37.82) | 7,068 (42.87) | 2,629 (37.84) | 2,928 (42.14) | ||
| NT20000∼NT30000 | 2,512 (34.83) | 5,581 (33.85) | 2,404 (34.60) | 2,396 (34.48) | ||
| NT30000∼NT40000 | 1,227 (17.01) | 2,180 (13.22) | 1,175 (16.91) | 995 (14.32) | ||
| >=NT40000 | 746 (10.34) | 1,659 (10.06) | 740 (10.65) | 629 (9.05) | ||
| Urbanization level | <0.001 | 0.004 | ||||
| 1 | 3,112 (43.14) | 6,830 (41.42) | 3,003 (43.22) | 2,975 (42.82) | ||
| 2 | 1,797 (24.91) | 3,950 (23.96) | 1,727 (24.86) | 1,674 (24.09) | ||
| 3 | 663 (9.19) | 1,411 (8.56) | 641 (9.23) | 592 (8.52) | ||
| 4 | 623 (8.64) | 1,558 (9.45) | 600 (8.64) | 573 (8.25) | ||
| 5 | 1,018 (14.11) | 2,739 (16.61) | 977 (14.06) | 1,134 (16.32) | ||
p values were obtained by chi-square test. p value (p < 0.05) was highlighted in bold italic.
T2D, type 2 diabetes; CHM, Chinese herbal medicine; N, number; NT, new Taiwan dollars.
Urbanization level: 1 indicates the hightest level of urbanization and 5 is the lowest level.
The comorbidities include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-9-CM: 490–496), cerebrovascular disease (ICD-9-CM: 430–438), renal disease (ICD-9-CM: 582, 583–583.7, 585, 586, and 588), hyperlipidemia (ICD-9-CM: 272), obesity (ICD-9-CM: 278 and 278.01), alcohol-related illness (ICD-9-CM: 303, 305, 305.01, 305.02, 305.03, and V11.3), hypertension (ICD-9-CM: 401-405), and myocardial infarction (ICD-9-CM: 410 and 412). These comorbidities are identified before the T2D diagnosis.