Table 1.
Description Information for Sample Characteristics and Major Study Variables
| CNAs (N=140) | HHAs (N=80) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Variable | Mean (SD) | Range | n (%) | Mean (SD) | Range | n (%) | Significance |
| Gender (female) | 125 (89) | 77 (96) | χ2 (1, n = 220) = 3.29a | ||||
| Age | 50.5 (8.9) | 24–69 | 43.2 (12.5) | 19–66 | t(124) = 4.55d | ||
| Ethnicity (Hispanic) | 16 (11) | 23 (29) | χ2 (1, n = 219) = 10.31c | ||||
| Race | χ2 (4, n = 216) = 13.70d | ||||||
| Black | 117 (86) | 52 (67) | |||||
| White | 3 (2) | 8 (10) | |||||
| Pacific Islander/Native Am. | 2 (1) | 3 (4) | |||||
| Other | 16 (12) | 15 (19) | |||||
| Education | χ2 (7, n = 220) = 7.23 | ||||||
| Grades 7–9 | 10 (7) | 8 (10) | |||||
| Grades 10–11 | 9 (6) | 8 (10 | |||||
| GED | 13 (9) | 4 (5) | |||||
| HS graduate | 54 (39) | 25 (31) | |||||
| Some college | 42 (30) | 25 (31) | |||||
| College graduate | 10 (7) | 9 (11) | |||||
| Marital status | χ2 (4, n = 219) = 19.52c | ||||||
| Married | 67 (48) | 21 (26) | |||||
| Living as married | 7 (5) | 2 (3) | |||||
| Divorced/separated | 35 (25) | 24 (30) | |||||
| Widowed | 8 (6) | 2 (3) | |||||
| Never married | 22 (16) | 31 (39) | |||||
| Years in profession | 15.22 (7.4) | 1–35 | 6.5 (6.6) | .16–29 | t(218) = 8.74d | ||
| Other patient deaths past months | 1.77 (.89) | 1–6 | 1.15 (.45) | 1–3 | t(218) = 5.8d | ||
| Training re: patient death (employer) | 59 (42) | 37 (46) | χ2 (1, n = 219) = 0.35 | ||||
| Supervisor support | 2.8 (1.3 | 2.65 (1.2) | t(218) = 0.94 | ||||
| Coworker support | 3.34 (.96) | 2.14 (1.2) | t(138) = 7.61d | ||||
| Months caring for patient | 38.86 (36.9) | 1–150 | 18 (29) | .03–168 | t(216) = 6.1d | ||
| Relationship with patient | 10.65 (1.8) | 4–12 | 10.45 (1.9) | 3–12 | t(218) = 0.76 | ||
| Caregiving benefits | 52.35 (4.5) | 27–55 | 52.70 (3.7) | 38–55 | t(218) = 0.59 | ||
| Patient suffering | 4.38 (3.3) | 0–10 | 5.28 (3.5) | 0–10 | t(217) = −1.87a | ||
| Grief symptoms | 31.49 (13.2) | 13–65 | 33.16 (12.5) | 13–65 | t(217) = −0.92 | ||
| Grief avoidance | 3.99 (2.1) | 2–10 | 4.36 (2.1) | 2–10 | t(219) = −1.27 | ||
| Burn-out (MBI) | |||||||
| Depersonalization | 4.74 (5.9) | 0–26 | 3.71 (4.6) | 0–24 | t(217) = 1.35 | ||
| Emotional Exhaustion | 18.12 (10.9) | 0–26 | 12.94 (10.4) | 0–37 | t(217) = 3.42c | ||
| Personal Accomplishment | 38.89 (8.0) | 11–48 | 40.54 (6.9) | 13–48 | t(217) = −1.54 | ||
CNA = certified nursing assistant; HHA = home health aide; GED = General Educational Development (legal equivalent to high school diploma); MBI = Maslach Burnout Inventory;
a
P < 0.10,
b
P < 0.05,
c
P < 0.01,
d
P < 0.001.