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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Genet. 2017 Aug 24;33(10):760–769. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.07.010

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Interplay between the circadian clock and cellular energy state. The circadian clock imposes rhythms of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) that catalyzes the synthesis of NAD+ from the conversion of nicotinamide (NAM) to nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). The rhythmic synthesis of NAD+ drives rhythms in the activity of the NAD+-dependent deacetylases sirtuins (SIRTs). SIRT3 generates rhythms of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by rhythmic acetylation of mitochondrial proteins. Rhythmic ATP production imposes a rhythm in the phosphorylation of casein kinase 1 ε/δ (CK1ε/δ) and Cryptochrome (CRY) by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). SIRT1 binds BMAL1:CLOCK in a rhythmic manner and promotes the deacetylation of clock proteins.