Table 2.

Animal studies investigating the role of HMGB1 in TBI.

Study	Animal	Injury	Group Design (n)	Treatment	Sampling Method	Time Points Measured	Motor function Test
Gao (2012)	Rat	Modified Feeney’s weight drop	5 sham vs. 50 TBI	None.	IHC, WB	0.5h, 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 12h, 1d, 3d, 6d	None
Laird (2014)	Mouse	Controlled cortical impact	TBI vs. sham; wild-type vs. (6–10 / experiment)	TLR4, NR 2A, NR2B antagonists	WB, ELISA, IHC, qRT-PCR	1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h	None
Okuma (2012)	Mouse & Rat	Fluid percussion injury	5 TBI + IgG control vs. 5 TBI + Gly vs. 5 sham	Anti-HMGB1 mAb	ELISA, WB, RT-PCR	3h, 6h, 24h	Blinded accelerated rotarod test; forelimb use
Okuma (2014)	Mouse & Rat	Fluid percussion injury	5 TBI+control vs. 5 TBI + Anti-HMGB1 mAb vs. 5 sham	Gly	IHC, WB, RT-PCR	5m, 3h, 6h, 24h	Blinded rotarod test; forelimb movement test
Su (2011)	Rat	Modified Feeney’s weight drop	30 sham vs. 30 TBI vs. 30 TBI+EP	Ethyl pyruvate	WB, ELISA, RT-PCR, EMSA	24h	Beam-walking balance test
Xiangjin (2014)	Rat	Modified Feeney’s weight drop	36 sham vs. 36 TBI vs. 36 TBI+Gly	Gly	IHC, WB, ELISA, EMSA, RT-PCR	24h	Beam-walking balance test

Abbreviations: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA; electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA; Glycyrrhizin, Gly; immunoglobulin G, IgG; monoclonal antibody, mAb; N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A subunit, NR2A; N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit, NR2B; polymerase chain reaction, PCR; Toll-like receptor, TLR; traumatic brain injury, TBI; Western blot, WB