Table 3.

Associations between traumatic brain injury and orthopaedic injuries from birth to age 16 years and criminal behaviours at age 17 years

Criminal behaviour	OR (95% CI)
	Unadjusted	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Offencesa,b
n	3846	3396	2990	2115
TBI vs no injury	1.72 (1.32–2.23)	1.56 (1.17–2.07)	1.67 (1.24–2.24)	1.29 (0.09–1.88)
OI vs no injury	1.48 (1.23–1.77)	1.35 (1.11–1.65)	1.41 (1.14–1.74)	1.67 (1.27–2.19)
TBI vs OI	1.16 (0.87–1.54)	1.15 (0.85–1.56)	1.18 (0.86–1.63)	0.77 (0.52–1.16)
Omnibus p	<0.001	0.001	0.001	<0.001
Trouble with the policea,c
n	3782	3340	2947	2077
TBI vs no injury	1.62 (1.21–2.17)	1.33 (0.96–1.84)	1.44 (1.03–2.01)	1.17 (0.77–1.77)
OI vs no injury	1.42 (1.15–1.74)	1.21 (0.97–1.52)	1.23 (0.96–1.56)	1.03 (0.75–1.42)
TBI vs OI	1.14 (0.83–1.57)	1.09 (0.77–1.55)	1.17 (0.81–1.69)	1.14 (0.71–1.81)
Omnibus p	<0.001	0.064	0.062	0.765

Sample size reduces per adjustment as the participants who are missing covariate data get excluded

TBI traumatic brain injury, OI orthopaedic injury, Unadjusted Injuries from birth to age 16 years with main crime variable in each analysis, Model 1 As unadjusted with additional adjustment for pre-birth confounders (mother’s age at birth, mother’s education at birth, social class and gender), Model 2 As Model 1 with additional adjustment for childhood confounders (early life events, parental bonding, positive and negative parenting experiences, maternal alcohol use and maternal tobacco smoking), Model 3 As Model 2 with additional adjustment for substance use variables

^aGeneralised ordinal regression

^bOffences measured by self-report questionnaire at age 17 years

^cTrouble with the police measured by self-report questionnaire at age 17 years