Table 4.
Associations between traumatic brain injury and orthopaedic injuries from birth to age 16 years and psychiatric symptoms based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age 17 years
| SDQ | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Conduct problemsa,b | |||
| n | 5634 | 4997 | 4493 |
| TBI vs no injury | 1.58 (1.11–2.25) | 1.78 (1.22–2.59) | 1.62 (1.08–2.41) |
| OI vs no injury | 1.15 (0.87–1.50) | 1.12 (0.83–1.52) | 1.07 (0.78–1.47) |
| TBI vs OI | 1.38 (0.93–2.05) | 1.58 (1.03–2.42) | 1.51 (0.96–2.37) |
| Omnibus p | 0.181 | 0.242 | 0.445 |
| Peer problemsa,c | |||
| n | 5626 | 4987 | 4483 |
| TBI vs no injury | 1.11 (0.79–1.55) | 0.99 (0.68–1.42) | 0.85 (0.57–1.26) |
| OI vs no injury | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 0.81 (0.62–1.06) | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) |
| TBI vs OI | 1.15 (0.79–1.67) | 1.21 (0.80–1.83) | 1.07 (0.68–1.67) |
| Omnibus p | 0.852 | 0.138 | 0.090 |
Sample size reduces per adjustment as the participants who are missing covariate data get excluded
TBI traumatic brain injury, OI orthopaedic injury, Unadjusted Injuries from birth to age 16 years with main SDQ variable in each analysis, Model 1 As unadjusted with additional adjustment for pre-birth confounders (mother’s age at birth, mother’s education at birth, social class and gender), Model 2 As Model 1 with additional adjustment for childhood confounders (early life events, parental bonding, positive and negative parenting experiences, maternal alcohol use and maternal tobacco smoking)
aLogistic regression
bConduct problems based on parent-completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at age 17 years
cPeer problems based on parent-completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at age 17 years