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. 2017 Jun;29(2):212–217. doi: 10.4314/mmj.v29i2.25

Table 2.

Studies that have evaluated the influence of biomass smoke exposure on cancer risk

Upper gastrointestinal cancers
Study Study
location 		Cancer
type 		Sample size Odds Ratios (OR), Relative Risk (RR),
95% Confidence Intervals (CI),
P-values
Cases Controls
Kayamba, 201521 Zambia Oesophageal 50 50 OR= 3.6; 95% CI = 1.4 to 9.3; P = 0.004
Wang, 201322 South Africa Oesophageal
(gene-environment
interaction)		 565 1003 OR= 1.75; 95% CI = 1.24 to 2.46;
P = 0.001
Li, 201023 South Africa Oesophageal
(gene-environment
interaction)		 245 288 OR = 12.1; 95% CI = 3.26 to 49
Dandara, 200624 South Africa Oesophageal 63 20 OR = 15.2; 95% CI = 8.15 to 28.2;
P = 0.0001
Patel, 201325 Kenya Oesophageal 159 159 OR = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.41 to 3.84;
P < 0.001
Mota, 201326 Brazil Oesophageal 99 223 OR = 4.42; 95% CI = 2.35 to 8.32;
P < 0.001
Mlombe, 201527 Malawi Oesophageal 96 180 OR = 12.6; 95% CI = 4.2 to 37.7
Sapkota, 201328 Multicentre Oesophageal 1110 186 OR = 2.71; 95% CI = 1.21 to 6.10
Chirinos, 201231 Peru Gastric 96 96 OR = 5
Rafkin, 201532 Honduras Gastric 814 1049 OR = 3.54; 95% CI = 2.18 to 5.77
Other cancer types
Study Study
location 		Cancer
Type 		Sample size Odds Ratios (OR), Relative Risk (RR),
95% Confidence intervals (CI),
P-values
Cases Controls
Gerhardsson de
Verdier, 199238 		Sweden Colon Rectal 21 27 RR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.6 to 2.2
RR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.0 to 3.7
Raspanti, 201639 Nepal Lung 606 606 OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.00 to 3.14
Saikia, 201440 India Lung 272 544 OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.85 to 6.98;
P < 0.001
Phukan, 201441 India Lung 230 460 OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.22;
P = 0.044
Sloan, 201242 USA Lung 277 251 OR = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.26 to 4.67
P = 0.008
Hernández-Garduño, 200443 Mexico Lung 113 273 OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.1 to 3.5
Levin, 198844 China Lung 738 760 OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.3 to 2.5
Sierra-Torres,
200645 		Colombia Cervical 91 92 OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 0.5 to 22.5
Velema, 200246 Honduras Cervical 45 241 P = 0.022
Ferrera, 200047 Honduras Cervical 99 198 P = 0.0001
He, 201548 China Nasopharyngeal 1845 2275 OR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.65 to 2.31
Pintos, 199849 Brazil Oral
Pharyngeal
Laryngeal		 373
217
194		 1568 OR = 2.73; 95% CI = 1.8 to 4.2
OR = 3.82; 95% CI = 2.0 to 7.4
OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.2 to 4.7
Sapkota, 200850 India Hypopharyngeal 799 1062 OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.14 to 2.32
Greenop, 201551 Australia Childhood brain tumours 306 950 OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.05 to 2.15

While this review is focused on upper gastrointestinal cancers in Africa, studies from other geographical locations and reporting about other cancer types are included to illustrated similarities.