Table 2.

Sources focusing on childhood exposure to emotional abuse

Author, Country	Design (cross-sectional, longitudinal)	Sample Type (college, community, primary care, tertiary psychiatric care)	Sample Size (n)	Sample Characteristics • % Female • % Ethnic-minority • % Immigrant	Age Range (years)	Strength of Correlation for EA
Eating Disorders
Utzinger et al. [33], USA*	cross-sectional	tertiary psychiatric care, college, community	n = 133	• 100% • 3% • Unclear	18 to 55	> 0.85a**
Bardone-Cone et al. [49], USA*	cross-sectional	community, tertiary psychiatric care	n = 138	• 100% • 13% • Unclear	18 to 55	0.11–0.25a**
Kugu et al. [39] Turkey	cross-sectional	college	n = 42	• 85.7% • Unclear • Unclear	18 to 24	0.51–0.75c**
Schoemaker et al. [34], Netherlands	cross-sectional	community	n = 1926	• 100% • Unclear • Unclear	18 to 45	0.26–0.50a**
Grilo and Masheb [37], USA*	cross-sectional	primary care, tertiary psychiatric care	n = 1, 241	• 97.9% • 19.8% • Unclear	18 to 65	0.26–0.50c
Mullen et al. [51], New Zealand	cross-sectional	community	n = 497	• 100% • Unclear • Unclear	18 and over	0.26–0.50a**
Rorty et al. [50], USA*	cross-sectional	community, college, tertiary psychiatric care	n = 120	• 100% • Unclear • Unclear	18 to 35	0.11–0.25a**
Eating-Disordered Behavior
Feinson and Hornik-Lurie [32], Jerusalem	cross-sectional	primary care	n = 498	• 100% • Unclear • Unclear	21 and older	0.11–0.25a**
Mason et al. [30], USA	longitudinal	community	n = 4, 377	• 100% • ~ 3.2% • Unclear	22 to 29	0.11–0.25ad** 0.26–0.50ae**
Michopoulos et al. [17], USA	cross-sectional	primary care	n = 1, 110	• 80.4% • 97.4% • Unclear	18 to 65	0.11–0.25c**
Moulton et al. [14], Scotland	cross-sectional	college	n = 142	• 100% • Unclear • Unclear	18 to 46	0.26–0.50a**
Brooke and Mussap [41],	cross-sectional	college	n = 299	• 52% • Unclear • Unclear	18 to 40	0.01–0.10cf 0.11–0.25b** 0.26–0.50a**
Burns et al. [40], USA*	cross-sectional	college	n = 1, 254	• 100% • 22.3% • Unclear	18 to 22	0.01–0.10a 0.11–0.25a**
Becker and Grilo [36], USA*	cross-sectional	tertiary psychiatric care	n = 137	• 100% • 15% • Unclear	20 to 59	0.01–0.10af
Messman-Moore and Garrigus [43], USA*	cross-sectional	college	n = 289	• 100% • 9% • Unclear	18 to 22	0.26–0.50a**
Wonderlich et al. [44], USA*	longitudinal	college, community, tertiary psychiatric care	n = 123	• 100% • 3.3% • Unclear	18 to 55	0.11–0.25a**
Witkiewitz and Dodge-Reyome [46], USA	cross-sectional	college	n = 88	• 100% • 1.0% • Unclear	18 to 25	0.26–0.50a**
Kent et al. [47], United Kingdom	cross-sectional	college	n = 236	• 100% • Unclear • Unclear	18 to 48	0.11–0.25a** 0.26–0.50a**
Eating Disorders and Eating-Disordered Behavior
Grilo and Masheb [38], USA*	cross-sectional	primary care, tertiary psychiatric care	n = 1, 270	• 97.3% • 19.8% • Unclear	18 to 65	0.11–0.25c**

^* Country of data collection not articulated. Assumption of country location was made given language used to describe participants (e.g. African American) or based upon identification of the location of the study’s Institutional Review Board

^** Authors reported at least one bivariate correlation estimate to be significant at p < .05

^aEstimate falls within this range among women

^b Estimate falls within this range among men

^cEstimate falls within this range among men and women

^d Estimate computed through converting risk ratios to odds ratios, and then, to a correlation coefficient. Correlation represents strength of correlation between moderate abuse exposure prior to the age 11 years and lifetime binge eating disorder after age 11

^e Estimate computed through converting risk ratios to odds ratios, and then, to a correlation coefficient. Correlation represents strength of correlation between severe abuse exposure prior to the age 11 years and binge eating disorder after age 11

^f Estimate reported was non-significant