TABLE 4.
Sex-specific associations of dietary patterns with metabolic biomarkers among 224 Mexican adolescents1
| Associations of each dietary pattern factor score with metabolic biomarkers |
|||||
| Serum fasting glucose, mg/dL | Serum C-peptide, ng/mL | CP-IR2 | SBP, mm Hg | MetS z score3 | |
| Boys (n = 108) | |||||
| Factor 1: prudent dietary pattern | |||||
| Model 1 | −1.66 (−3.41, 0.09) | −0.33 (−0.58, −0.08)* | −0.08 (−0.14, −0.02)* | −1.05 (−3.20, 1.10) | −0.14 (−0.27, 0.00)* |
| Model 2 | −1.65 (−3.39, 0.10) | −0.33 (−0.57, −0.09)* | −0.08 (−0.13, −0.02)* | −1.04 (−3.18, 1.11) | −0.14 (−0.27, 0.00)* |
| Model 3 | −1.71 (−3.46, 0.03) | −0.31 (−0.53, −0.08)* | −0.07 (−0.13, −0.02)* | −0.90 (−3.07, 1.27) | −0.13 (−0.26, 0.01) |
| Factor 2: transitioning dietary pattern | |||||
| Model 1 | −0.67 (−2.13, 0.79) | −0.16 (−0.37, 0.04) | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) | −1.14 (−2.91, 0.63) | −0.11 (−0.22, 0.01) |
| Model 2 | −0.61 (−2.09, 0.87) | −0.15 (−0.36, 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.01) | −1.08 (−2.87, 0.72) | −0.10 (−0.21, 0.01) |
| Model 3 | −0.64 (−2.13, 0.84) | −0.10 (−0.30, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.02) | −0.96 (−2.77, 0.86) | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.03) |
| Girls (n = 116) | |||||
| Factor 1: prudent dietary pattern | |||||
| Model 1 | 0.83 (−1.05, 2.70) | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.24) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.07) | 1.80 (0.12, 3.48)* | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) |
| Model 2 | 0.84 (−1.01, 2.70) | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.24) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 1.79 (0.13, 3.46)* | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) |
| Model 3 | 0.81 (−1.05, 2.67) | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.25) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 1.79 (0.11, 3.46)* | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) |
| Factor 2: transitioning dietary pattern | |||||
| Model 1 | 0.33 (−1.82, 2.48) | 0.04 (−0.23, 0.30) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | 0.21 (−1.75, 2.17) | 0.05 (−0.07, 0.17) |
| Model 2 | 0.06 (−2.09, 2.21) | 0.00 (−0.26, 0.26) | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.08) | 0.42 (−1.55, 2.38) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.16) |
| Model 3 | 0.02 (−2.14, 2.18) | 0.00 (−0.26, 0.26) | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.08) | 0.40 (−1.59, 2.38) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.16) |
Values are βs (95% CIs) for each outcome per 1-unit increase in the dietary pattern factor score. Model 1 adjusted for mother’s marital status, education, and smoking habits during pregnancy and for child's age; model 2 adjusted as for model 1 and for child’s physical activity (hours per week); model 3 adjusted as for model 2 and for child’s pubertal status (prepubertal vs. pubertal). *P < 0.05. CP-IR, C-peptide–based measure of insulin resistance; MetS z score, metabolic syndrome risk z score; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Calculated as (fasting serum C-peptide × fasting serum glucose)/405.
Calculated as the average of 5 internally standardized z scores for waist circumference, fasting glucose, C-peptide, TG-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio, and the average of SBP and diastolic blood pressure.