Table 1.
Maternal Characteristics of Cases and Controls, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, United States, 1997–2006
| Maternal Characteristics | Controls (n = 3,656), % | Cases, According to Congenital Heart Defect | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD (n = 387), % | VSDpm (n = 437), % | AVSD (n = 50), % | Aortic Stenosis (n = 103), % | COA (n = 203), % | HLHS (n = 201), % | PVS (n = 305), % | Atresia (n = 82), % | TOF (n = 341), % | dTGA (n = 225), % | Other Conotruncal (n = 93), % | TAPVR (n = 77), % | ||
| Age, yearsa | 27.6 (6.0) | 27.9 (6.7) | 28.4 (6.3) | 28.6 (4.8) | 28.3 (5.3) | 28.8 (5.8) | 28.1 (5.6) | 28.3 (5.6) | 28.2 (6.2) | 29.1 (5.7) | 28.0 (6.3) | 27.8 (5.8) | 27.8 (6.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||
| White, non-Latina | 57.5 | 56.8 | 52.2 | 76.0 | 83.5 | 68.0 | 63.2 | 66.2 | 61.0 | 58.1 | 66.7 | 54.8 | 62.3 |
| Black, non-Latina | 12.6 | 16.3 | 19.7 | 14.0 | 0.0 | 5.4 | 12.4 | 16.1 | 8.5 | 14.1 | 4.9 | 12.9 | 3.9 |
| Latina | 22.6 | 20.9 | 20.4 | 4.0 | 12.6 | 21.7 | 19.9 | 12.8 | 24.4 | 19.9 | 21.8 | 22.6 | 23.4 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 3.7 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Other | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 3.9 |
| Educational attainment | |||||||||||||
| 0–11 years education | 14.7 | 17.6 | 14.4 | 8.0 | 4.9 | 13.3 | 14.4 | 9.8 | 11.0 | 12.6 | 14.2 | 21.5 | 11.7 |
| Completed high school/GED | 21.3 | 21.7 | 18.5 | 20.0 | 22.3 | 16.7 | 28.4 | 23.0 | 30.5 | 19.4 | 25.3 | 21.5 | 20.8 |
| Some college/trade school | 27.6 | 30.7 | 28.8 | 32.0 | 33.0 | 26.1 | 22.4 | 29.2 | 23.2 | 29.0 | 26.2 | 21.5 | 29.9 |
| Bachelor's degree or more | 36.4 | 30.0 | 38.2 | 40.0 | 39.8 | 43.8 | 34.8 | 38.0 | 35.4 | 39.0 | 34.2 | 35.5 | 37.7 |
| Household income, $ | |||||||||||||
| <10,000 | 17.1 | 19.4 | 14.9 | 12.0 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 13.4 | 14.8 | 18.3 | 16.1 | 17.3 | 15.1 | 19.5 |
| 10,000–50,000 | 43.3 | 43.9 | 45.5 | 44.0 | 41.7 | 44.3 | 45.3 | 40.7 | 40.2 | 37.2 | 41.8 | 45.2 | 42.9 |
| >50,000 | 39.6 | 36.7 | 39.6 | 44.0 | 47.6 | 45.8 | 41.3 | 44.6 | 41.5 | 46.6 | 40.9 | 39.8 | 37.7 |
| Alcohol consumptionb | |||||||||||||
| None | 61.6 | 63.8 | 64.1 | 58.0 | 67.0 | 67.5 | 66.2 | 64.3 | 57.3 | 56.9 | 63.1 | 62.4 | 67.5 |
| Yes, no binge drinking | 11.4 | 12.4 | 11.0 | 18.0 | 11.7 | 8.4 | 13.4 | 10.5 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 7.5 | 7.8 |
| Yes, and binge drinking | 27.0 | 23.8 | 24.9 | 24.0 | 21.4 | 24.1 | 20.4 | 25.2 | 29.3 | 29.9 | 23.6 | 30.1 | 24.7 |
| Tobacco useb | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 13.4 | 21.2 | 14.2 | 24.0 | 9.7 | 10.3 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 18.3 | 11.7 | 14.2 | 11.8 | 13.0 |
| Use of folic-acid supplementc | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 36.8 | 29.7 | 36.8 | 48.0 | 43.7 | 40.4 | 36.3 | 36.4 | 36.6 | 41.6 | 39.6 | 31.2 | 33.8 |
Abbreviations: ASD, atrial septal defect; AVSD, atrioventricular septal defect; COA, coarctation of the aorta; dTGA, dextro-transposition of the great arteries; GED, General Educational Development; HLHS, hypoplastic left heart syndrome; PVS, pulmonary valve stenosis; TAPVR, total anomalous pulmonary venous return; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot; VSDpm, perimembranous ventricular septal defect.
a Expressed as mean (standard deviation).
b Time period of exposure was during the first 3 months of pregnancy.
c Time period of exposure was during the month prior to conception.