Table 2.
Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure Distributions and Prevalence of Low Nutrient Intake Among Cases and Controls, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, United States, 1997–2006
| Percentiles of Exposure and Intake | Controls (n = 3,656), % | Cases, According to Congenital Heart Defect | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD (n = 387), % | VSDpm (n = 437), % | AVSD (n = 50), % | Aortic Stenosis (n = 103), % | COA (n = 203), % | HLHS (n = 201), % | PVS (n = 305), % | Atresia (n = 82), % | TOF (n = 341), % | dTGA (n = 225), % | Other Conotruncal (n = 93), % | TAPVR (n = 77), % | ||
| NO2 and methionine | |||||||||||||
| <10th and ≥25th | 7.8 | 7.5 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 6.5 | 10.4 |
| <10th and <25th | 2.5 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 5.8 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 5.2 |
| 10th–50th and ≥25th | 30.0 | 33.3 | 29.7 | 30.0 | 27.2 | 22.2 | 28.9 | 25.9 | 32.9 | 31.7 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 28.6 |
| 10th–50th and <25th | 9.6 | 10.6 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 8.7 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 12.2 | 9.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 5.2 |
| 50th–90th and ≥25th | 30.0 | 27.1 | 28.6 | 26.0 | 32.0 | 34.5 | 31.3 | 29.2 | 23.2 | 27.0 | 32.4 | 26.9 | 28.6 |
| 50th–90th and <25th | 10.5 | 10.9 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 6.8 | 11.8 | 10.4 | 11.8 | 9.8 | 12.9 | 7.1 | 16.1 | 10.4 |
| ≥90th and ≥25th | 7.5 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 11.7 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 7.0 | 11.1 | 7.5 | 10.4 |
| ≥90th and <25th | 2.1 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 |
| NO2 and choline | |||||||||||||
| <10th and ≥25th | 7.3 | 7.2 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 4.4 | 7.5 | 11.7 |
| <10th and <25th | 2.9 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 3.9 |
| 10th–50th and ≥25th | 29.9 | 33.6 | 29.3 | 26.0 | 26.2 | 22.7 | 27.9 | 27.5 | 30.5 | 31.1 | 24.4 | 30.1 | 27.3 |
| 10th–50th and <25th | 9.7 | 10.3 | 12.4 | 16.0 | 9.7 | 12.8 | 14.4 | 10.2 | 14.6 | 10.3 | 14.2 | 8.6 | 6.5 |
| 50th–90th and ≥25th | 30.5 | 27.4 | 30.4 | 28.0 | 31.1 | 34.0 | 30.3 | 29.8 | 25.6 | 29.3 | 31.6 | 30.1 | 27.3 |
| 50th–90th and <25th | 10.0 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 7.8 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 11.1 | 7.3 | 10.6 | 8.0 | 12.9 | 11.7 |
| ≥90th and ≥25th | 7.4 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 8.0 | 10.7 | 7.9 | 6.0 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 7.3 | 10.7 | 6.5 | 10.4 |
| ≥90th and <25th | 2.2 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 1.3 |
| NO2 and dietary folate | |||||||||||||
| <10th and ≥25th | 7.5 | 8.0 | 6.2 | 4.0 | 7.8 | 3.0 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 8.5 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 7.5 | 9.1 |
| <10th and <25th | 2.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 6.0 | 4.9 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.4 | 1.1 | 6.5 |
| 10th–50th and ≥25th | 29.4 | 32.6 | 30.4 | 22.0 | 23.3 | 22.2 | 31.8 | 27.5 | 31.7 | 30.8 | 27.6 | 30.1 | 26.0 |
| 10th–50th and <25th | 10.2 | 11.4 | 11.2 | 20.0 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 13.4 | 10.6 | 11.1 | 8.6 | 7.8 |
| 50th–90th and ≥25th | 30.9 | 28.9 | 29.3 | 22.0 | 28.2 | 34.0 | 28.4 | 28.9 | 25.6 | 29.9 | 30.7 | 31.2 | 27.3 |
| 50th–90th and <25th | 9.5 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 16.0 | 10.7 | 12.3 | 13.4 | 12.1 | 7.3 | 10.0 | 8.9 | 11.8 | 11.7 |
| ≥90th and ≥25th | 7.2 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 6.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 4.3 | 7.8 |
| ≥90th and <25th | 2.4 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 3.1 | 5.4 | 3.9 |
| NO2 and vitamin B6 | |||||||||||||
| <10th and ≥25th | 7.5 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.5 | 11.7 |
| <10th and <25th | 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 3.9 |
| 10th–50th and ≥25th | 29.5 | 33.1 | 29.5 | 22.0 | 23.3 | 23.6 | 31.3 | 26.6 | 31.7 | 29.6 | 25.8 | 31.2 | 27.3 |
| 10th–50th and <25th | 10.1 | 10.9 | 12.1 | 20.0 | 12.6 | 11.8 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 13.4 | 11.7 | 12.9 | 7.5 | 6.5 |
| 50th–90th and ≥25th | 30.4 | 29.2 | 28.1 | 20.0 | 29.1 | 34.0 | 28.9 | 29.5 | 25.6 | 27.6 | 30.2 | 29.0 | 26.0 |
| 50th–90th and <25th | 10.1 | 8.8 | 12.1 | 18.0 | 9.7 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 7.3 | 12.3 | 9.3 | 14.0 | 13.0 |
| NO2 and vitamin B6 (continued) | |||||||||||||
| ≥90th and ≥25th | 7.3 | 5.7 | 7.3 | 6.0 | 9.7 | 7.9 | 6.0 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 7.6 | 10.7 | 4.3 | 9.1 |
| ≥90th and <25th | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 5.4 | 2.6 |
| NO2 and vitamin B12 | |||||||||||||
| <10th and ≥25th | 7.7 | 7.8 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 8.7 | 2.5 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 8.5 | 5.9 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 6.5 |
| <10th and <25th | 2.6 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 9.1 |
| 10th–50th and ≥25th | 29.4 | 33.3 | 28.8 | 26.0 | 27.2 | 23.6 | 28.9 | 27.5 | 34.1 | 28.2 | 27.1 | 31.2 | 24.7 |
| 10th–50th and <25th | 10.2 | 10.6 | 12.8 | 16.0 | 8.7 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 10.2 | 11.0 | 13.2 | 11.6 | 7.5 | 9.1 |
| 50th–90th and ≥25th | 30.5 | 27.1 | 29.1 | 28.0 | 27.2 | 32.5 | 27.4 | 27.2 | 26.8 | 28.7 | 30.2 | 30.1 | 20.8 |
| 50th–90th and <25th | 10.0 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 10.0 | 11.7 | 13.8 | 14.4 | 13.8 | 6.1 | 11.1 | 9.3 | 12.9 | 18.2 |
| ≥90th and ≥25th | 7.2 | 5.9 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 10.7 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 7.0 | 9.8 | 5.4 | 9.1 |
| ≥90th and <25th | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 2.6 |
Abbreviations: ASD, atrial septal defect; AVSD, atrioventricular septal defect; COA, coarctation of the aorta; dTGA, dextro-transposition of the great arteries; HLHS, hypoplastic left heart syndrome; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; PVS, pulmonary valve stenosis; TAPVR, total anomalous pulmonary venous return; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot; VSDpm, perimembranous ventricular septal defect.