Table 1.
Cell types | Activation of TNFR1 | Activation of TNFR2 |
---|---|---|
Motor neurons | Cell death [39] | |
Astrocytes | Release of GDNF [40], increase in intracellular Ca2+, and release of glutamate [123] | Death of cocultured motor neurons [39] |
Microglia | Activation of proinflammatory phenotype [63] and release of glutamate [124] | Induction of anti-inflammatory phenotype [64] |
Oligodendrocytes | Cell death and reduced differentiation [68, 69] | Protection from oxidative stress [71] |
CD8+ T cells | Increased cytokine production and proliferation [93] | |
Treg cells | Proliferation and suppressing function control [89] | |
Muscle cells | Protein degradation and muscle wasting [96] |