Table 1.

Comparison of current in vitro culture systems for hepatotoxicity. Redrawn and edited from Lauschke et al. 2016 [7].

Model	Stability	CYP2B6 expression	Phenotype maintenance	Cell numbers required	Canaliculi formed	Complexity	Comments
2D layer	1-2 days	Minimal	Poor	Medium	No	Low	Current gold standard
2D sandwich in gel matrices	2 weeks	Silent	Poor	Medium	Yes	Medium	Matrix batches vary
3D spheroids	>5 weeks	Silent	Good	Low	Yes	Medium	Cannot add shear stress
Hollow fiber	>5 weeks	Minimal	Good	High	Yes	High	Fixed high shear stress
Miniature perfused hollow fiber	>5 weeks	Present	Good	Low	Yes	High	Physiological shear stress exerted
Rotating wall vessel	>5 weeks	Present	Good	Low	Yes	Medium	Physiological shear stress exerted