Figure 4.
Suggested conversion of 4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal (HPNE, (17)) to malondialdehyde (MDA, (19)), hexanal (20), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE, (22)), and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE (23)) through amine or metal ion-mediated processes.
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