Table 3.
Effects of Chronic Condition Status and Educational Attainment on Health & Wellbeing
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | % Attenuation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Better) Health Status | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | & Sobel Test | |||
| Chronic condition status | ||||||||||
| Any prior diagnosis | 0.42 | (0.33–0.53) | 0.40 | (0.32–0.50) | 0.42 | (0.34–0.52) | 5.87% | |||
| No prior diagnoses | Reference | Reference | Reference | Z = 2.85 | ||||||
| Educational attainment | p = 0.002 | |||||||||
| Did not graduate high school/GED | 0.65 | (0.39–1.10) | ||||||||
| Graduated high school/GED | Reference | |||||||||
| Some college or vocational training | 1.51 | (1.13–2.02) | ||||||||
| Earned an associate’s degree | 1.40 | (0.92–2.14) | ||||||||
| Earned a bachelor’s degree | 3.03 | (2.04–4.50) | ||||||||
| Any graduate school | 3.23 | (1.93–5.41) | ||||||||
| (Higher) Life Satisfaction | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
| Chronic condition status | ||||||||||
| Any prior diagnosis | 0.64 | (0.51–0.81) | 0.65 | (0.51–0.82) | 0.67 | (0.53–0.84) | 7.73% | |||
| No prior diagnoses | Reference | Reference | Reference | Z = 1.96 | ||||||
| Educational attainment | p = 0.025 | |||||||||
| Did not graduate high school/GED | 0.81 | (0.46–1.45) | ||||||||
| Graduated high school/GED | Reference | |||||||||
| Some college or vocational training | 1.43 | (1.01–2.03) | ||||||||
| Earned an associate’s degree | 2.14 | (1.29–3.54) | ||||||||
| Earned a bachelor’s degree | 1.75 | (1.11–2.75) | ||||||||
| Any graduate school | 2.31 | (1.30–4.08) | ||||||||
| Psychological Wellbeing | β | S.E. | p-val | β | S.E. | p-val | β | S.E. | p-val | |
| Chronic condition status | ||||||||||
| Any prior diagnosis | −1.13 | 0.17 | <0.001 | −1.18 | 0.17 | <0.001 | −1.14 | 0.17 | <0.001 | 3.68% |
| No prior diagnoses | Reference | Reference | Reference | Z = 2.30 | ||||||
| Educational attainment | p = 0.011 | |||||||||
| Did not graduate high school/GED | −0.47 | 0.36 | 0.200 | |||||||
| Graduated high school/GED | Reference | |||||||||
| Some college or vocational training | 0.56 | 0.20 | 0.005 | |||||||
| Earned an associate’s degree | 0.90 | 0.28 | 0.001 | |||||||
| Earned a bachelor’s degree | 0.85 | 0.27 | 0.002 | |||||||
| Any graduate school | 0.52 | 0.37 | 0.160 |
Data are from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development and Transition to Adulthood Supplements (1997–2013).
OR (odds ratio) refers to the effect of having a chronic condition or educational attainment on the cumulative odds (across a 5-point Likert scale) of better general health (7,076 observations, 2,555 subjects) and higher life satisfaction (5,220 observations, 2,483 subjects), derived from the multivariate ordinal GLMM. 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) are presented. β refers to the effect of having a chronic condition or educational attainment on the continuous psychological wellbeing scale (higher values indicate greater wellbeing; 7,080 observations, 2,555 subjects).
Standard errors (S.E.) and the associated p-values for the point estimates are presented.
Model 1 adjusts for chronic condition status and age.
Model 2 additionally adjusts for sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (AFDC/WIC participation; parent marital status; parent education).
Model 3 additionally adjusts for youth’s own educational attainment.
Attenuation was determined as the percent change in the coefficient for chronic condition status from model 2 to model 3; the Sobel test was used to evaluate mediation of the effect of chronic condition status on each health outcome by educational attainment.