Table 2.
Inflammasome components and intestinal inflammation.
| Mutant strain | Trigger | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammasome components | |||
| Asc−/− | DSS | Increased pathology | (33, 42, 52, 131, 164) |
| Decreased IL-18 levels | (33, 52) | ||
| Decreased AMP levels Treatment with taurine rIL-18 ameliorated disease |
(32) | ||
| C. rod | Increased bacterial colonization | (34, 43, 103) | |
| Increased pathology | (43, 103) | ||
| Decreased IL-18 levels | (43) | ||
| Decreased mucus secretion by goblet cells | (34) | ||
| Rotavirus | Increased viral load | (37) | |
| Casp1−/−Casp11−/− | DSS | Increased pathology | (33, 51, 52, 164) |
| Decreased IL-18 levels Phenotype rescued by rIL-18 |
(51, 52) | ||
| C. rod | Increased bacterial colonization | (34) | |
| FlaTox | Decreased IEC pyroptosis | (24) | |
| NSAID-induced SI damage | Decreased pathology Decreased IL-1β levels |
(165) | |
| Caspase1−/− | DSS | Decreased pathology Decreased IL-18 levels |
(142) |
| Rotavirus | Increased viral load | (37) | |
| Casp1ΔIEC | DSS | Decreased pathology Decreased IL-18 levels |
(142) |
| Casp1ΔIEC | Rotavirus | Increased viral load | (37) |
| Caspase11−/− | DSS | Increased pathology | (47, 48) |
| Increased IL-18 | (48) | ||
| Decreased IL-18 and IL-22 Phenotype rescued by rIL-18 |
(47) | ||
| S. Tm | Decreased IL-18 levels Decreased pathology Increased intraepithelial bacterial burden Decreased IEC extrusion |
(44) | |
| gasdermin D−/− | FlaTox | Decreased IEC pyroptosis | (24) |
| gasdermin D−/− | Rotavirus | Increased viral load Decreased IEC death |
(37) |
| Casp1−/−Casp8−/−Ripk3−/− |
S. Tm FlaTox |
Decreased IEC extrusion | (24) |
| NLR proteins | |||
| NAIP1–6Δ/Δ | S. Tm | Increased intraepithelial bacterial loads Decreased IEC expulsion |
(14) |
| NAIP1–6Δ/ΔIEC | S. Tm | Increased intraepithelial bacterial loads | (14) |
| NLRC4−/− | DSS | Increased pathology | (30) |
| C. rod | Increased bacterial colonization Increased pathology Decreased IL-18 at steady state |
(25) | |
| S. Tm | Increased intraepithelial bacterial loads | (14) | |
| iNLRC4+Vil-Cre+ |
S. Tm FlaTox |
Comparable bacterial burden Comparable IL-18 and PGE2 levels Comparable caspase-1 and caspase-8 activation |
(24) |
| NLRP1−/− | DSS | Increased pathology Rescued by treatment with rIL-1β or rIL-18 or antibiotics |
(131) |
| NLRP3−/− | DSS | Increased pathology | (30, 42, 52, 164) |
| Decreased pathology Decreased IL-1β |
(166) | ||
| C. rod | Increased pathology | (43, 103) | |
| Increased bacterial colonization | (43, 103) | ||
| T cell transfer colitis | Increased pathology upon transfer of NLRP3−/− T cells into lymphopenic hosts Increased Th17 cells and decreased Th1 cells |
(167) | |
| NSAID-induced SI damage | Decreased pathology Decreased IL-1β levels |
(165) | |
| NLRP6−/− | DSS | Increased pathology | (33) |
| Decreased IL-18 levels | (32, 33) | ||
| Decreased AMP levels | (32) | ||
| C. rod | Increased bacterial colonization Decreased mucus secretion by goblet cells Decreased autophagosome formation |
(34) | |
| NLRP9b−/− | Rotavirus | Increased viral load Decreased IEC death |
(37) |
| NLRP9bΔIEC | Rotavirus | Increased viral load | (37) |
| NLRP12−/− | DSS | Increased pathology | (168–170) |
| NLRX1ΔIEC | DSS | No change in pathology Increased IEC proliferation |
(40) |
| PYHIN sensors | |||
| AIM2−/− | DSS | Increased pathology | (42, 129) |
| Decreased IL-1β levels | (129) | ||
| Decreased IL-18 levels | (42, 129) | ||
| Decreased IL-22BP levels | (42) | ||
| Dysregulated AMP levels | (42, 129) | ||
AMP, antimicrobial peptides; C. rod, Citrobacter rodentium; FlaTox, Legionella pneumophila flagellin fused to the N-terminal domain of Bacillus anthracis lethal factor; NAIP5, ligand delivered to cytosol; IEC, intestinal epithelial cells; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SI, small intestine; S. Tm, Salmonella Typhimurium; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; rIL-18, recombinant IL-18; NLR, NOD-like receptor.
Mutant strain: Casp1ΔIEC, caspase-1-deficient IEC; NAIP1–6Δ/ΔIEC, NAIP1–6-deficient IEC; iNLRC4+Vil-Cre+, NLRC4 only expressed in IEC; NLRP9ΔIEC, NLRP9b-deficient IEC; NLRX1ΔIEC, NLRX1-deficient IEC.