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Visual and mathematical representations of a psychometrics-based reflective model in which crying, general convulsions (GC), mottling, etc. are caused by and hence are reflections of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Each symptom has its own equation in which the influence of NAS is denoted by λ, and the symptoms may have measurement error, e. The symptoms are expected to be strongly correlated due to the influence NAS has on each one.
