Table 1.
Group-level meta-analysis results: data sets within each group are organized in the descending order of the summary measures (mean scores on the Jefferson Scale), with the estimated group mean shown at the bottom of each group
| Author, year, country | S/R/P | N | Mean±SD (SE) | 95% CI | Relative Weight, % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||||
| Wetzel, 2010, USA | S | 652 | 43.52±4.65 (0.18) | 43.16 | 43.88 | 28.44 |
| Novak, 2013, USA | S | 180 | 43.06±5.50 (0.41) | 42.26 | 43.86 | 23.47 |
| Mi & RD, 2016, USA (m) | S | 128 | 43.04±5.14 (0.45) | 42.15 | 43.93 | 22.38 |
| Mi & RD, 2016, USA (n) | S | 209 | 41.84±4.56 (0.32) | 41.22 | 42.46 | 25.71 |
| STUDENT | 1,169 | 42.87±(0.43) | 42.04 | 43.71 | 100 | |
| Mi &Halalau, 2016, USA | R | 29 | 46.48±5.32(0.98) | 44.54 | 48.42 | 20.41 |
| Lockspeiser, 2013, USA | R | 48 | 44.75±4.32 (0.62) | 43.53 | 45.97 | 24.78 |
| Li ST, 2010, USA | R | 992 | 43.00±4.80 (0.15) | 42.70 | 43.30 | 28.58 |
| Sockalingam, 2016, Canada | R | 105 | 41.08±4.99 (0.49) | 40.13 | 42.03 | 26.23 |
| RESIDENT | 1,174 | 43.64±(0.83) | 42.02 | 45.26 | 100 | |
| Ma, 2013, China | P | 933 | 46.97±5.50 (0.18) | 46.62 | 47.32 | 27.32 |
| Burman, 2014, USA | P | 57 | 46.30±3.90 (0.52) | 45.29 | 47.31 | 16.15 |
| Hojat, 2009, USA | P | 2,739 | 46.20±5.50 (0.11) | 45.99 | 46.41 | 29.16 |
| Li H, 2015, China | P | 1,197 | 45.56±6.17 (0.18) | 45.21 | 45.91 | 27.37 |
| PHYSICIAN | 4,926 | 46.25±(0.30) | 45.66 | 46.85 | 100 | |
S/R/P - Student/Resident/Physician; SD: Standard Deviation; SE: Standard Error
m -medical students; n -nursing students