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. 2017 May 15;36(38):5369–5381. doi: 10.1038/onc.2017.134

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

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ZM fusion and ZM exosomes induce EMT and promote GBM cell migration and invasion. (a) Staining the EMT-associated proteins in U87/SC and A172/SC cells after 6 days of co-culture. (b) Schematic of U87 cells incubated with U87/SC or U87/ZM exosomes. (c) EMT-associated protein staining in U87 cells after 6 days of incubation with U87/SC or U87/ZM exosomes. The same staining was also carried out in A172 cells. (d) Spheroid dispersal assay measurement of U87 cell migration. Representative images of the spheroid migration of U87/ZM(ZM), untreated U87/SC(SC) and U87/SC cells co-cultured with U87/ZM at a 1:1 or 1:4 ratio are shown. Scale bars=250 μm. (e) Spheroid dispersal assay of U87 stem-like neurosphere migration. Scale bars=250 μm. (f) Spheroid dispersal assay of U87 cell migration in the presence of exosomes. Scale bars=250 μm. (g) Spheroid dispersal assay of U87 neurosphere migration in the presence of exosomes. Scale bars=250 μm. (h, j) Wound-healing assay of U87 cell migration. Scale bars=250 μm. (i, k), Wound-healing assay to assess U87 cell migration in the presence of exosomes. These findings were also validated in A172 cells. Scale bars=250 μm (*P<0.05 and **P<0.01).