Table 2. Means, SDs, F, and p Values for Comparisons of the Interview, Questionnaire, and Observational Assessment of the Quality of Parent-Adolescent Relationships Between Family Types.

											Contrasts
	Natural conception		Surrogacy		Egg donation		Donor insemination		F	p	NC vs RD		S vs GD		ED vs DI
Variable	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD			p	d	p	d	p	d
Note. NC = natural conception; RD = reproductive donation (surrogacy, egg donation and donor insemination combined); S = surrogacy; GD = gamete donation (egg donation and donor insemination combined); ED = egg donation; DI = donor insemination.
a Higher scores represent fewer difficulties. b Higher scores represent greater difficulties.
Quality of parenting									2.90	.009
Positive parentinga	−.10	.87	.03	.86	.04	.66	−.13	.71	.43	ns	ns	.09	ns	.11	ns	.26
Negative parentingb	−.09	.70	−.19	.58	.26	.53	.15	.40	4.10	.008	ns	.49	.003	.77	ns	.23
Index of family relationshipsb									5.11	.000
Mother	11.61	7.93	6.37	4.99	20.86	12.11	10.80	3.91	10.16	.000	ns	.09	.000	.77	.002	.46
Adolescent	14.32	9.93	12.96	7.56	21.30	14.87	10.61	8.09	2.92	.038	ns	.05	ns	.36	.012	.89
Parental acceptance/Rejection questionnaireb									3.06	.007
Mother	29.32	4.26	27.28	2.70	32.50	5.92	27.40	2.54	5.42	.002	ns	.01	.034	.61	.003	.59
Adolescent	28.78	4.95	27.61	3.42	30.18	5.69	26.10	2.72	1.92	ns	ns	.23	ns	.22	.031	.91
Parental control scaleb									.56	ns
Mother	35.14	4.86	35.95	3.70	36.93	5.93	34.80	3.29	.69	ns	ns	.24	ns	.05	ns	.16
Adolescent	33.42	6.94	35.50	7.23	33.66	6.59	33.10	6.85	.48	ns	ns	.14	ns	.30	ns	.08
Observational assessmenta									1.49	ns
Mother responsiveness	6.07	1.02	6.09	.92	6.57	.51	6.29	.95	1.13	ns	ns	.22	ns	.48	ns	.36
Child responsiveness	6.02	.95	5.73	1.63	6.57	.64	6.43	1.13	1.81	ns	ns	.08	ns	.61	ns	.15
Dyadic reciprocity	4.57	1.64	4.68	1.58	3.86	.94	5.43	.97	1.85	ns	ns	.04	ns	.21	ns	.15
Dyadic cooperation	5.52	1.28	5.36	1.52	5.64	.84	6.29	1.11	.94	ns	ns	.07	ns	.39	ns	.66