Table 3. Means, SDs, F, and p Values for Comparisons of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Completed by Mothers and Teachers and the EPOCH, SDQ, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Completed by Adolescents Between Family Types.

											Contrasts
	Natural conception		Surrogacy		Egg donation		Donor insemination		F	p	NC vs RD		S vs GD		ED vs DI
Variable	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD			p	d	p	d	p	d
Note. SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; EPOCH = Engagement, Perseverance, Optimism, Connectedness and Happiness Measure of Adolescent Wellbeing; NC = natural conception; RD = reproductive donation (surrogacy, egg donation and donor insemination combined); S = surrogacy; GD = gamete donation (egg donation and donor insemination combined); ED = egg donation; DI = donor insemination.
a Higher scores represent fewer difficulties. b Higher scores represent greater difficulties.
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)b
Mothers’ ratings	4.47	3.71	5.61	3.85	5.70	2.75	4.76	3.19	1.04	ns	ns	.31	ns	.24	ns	.31
Teachers’ ratings	3.76	3.94	7.00	5.73	5.61	5.17	4.58	3.87	1.76	ns	ns	.22	ns	.44	ns	.22
Adolescent adjustment
EPOCHa	3.72	.63	3.78	.54	3.64	.58	3.75	.29	.18	ns	ns	.23	ns	.02	ns	.23
SDQb	9.55	4.74	9.00	5.23	10.75	5.90	8.40	3.94	.566	ns	ns	.47	ns	.02	ns	.47
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scalea	22.81	5.17	24.05	4.75	22.75	6.93	22.40	6.20	.30	ns	ns	.05	ns	.01	ns	.05