TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study population by quintiles of cumulative daily total intake of niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 through year 25 of the CARDIA study (n = 3136)1
| Niacin, mg/1000 kcal |
Folate, μg/1000 kcal |
Vitamin B-6, mg/1000 kcal |
Vitamin B-12, μg/1000 kcal |
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| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |
| n | 630 | 631 | 623 | 625 | 627 | 629 | 626 | 627 | 628 | 626 | 632 | 635 | 617 | 629 | 623 | 634 | 622 | 626 | 627 | 627 |
| Median daily intake | 8.6 | 10.2 | 11.9 | 14.8 | 24.7 | 113.1 | 151.6 | 190.6 | 250.9 | 384.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 4.4 | 8.7 |
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Age, y | 49.3 | 49.8 | 50.3 | 50.3 | 50.9 | 49.2 | 50.0 | 50.2 | 50.4 | 50.8 | 49.4 | 50.0 | 50.2 | 50.3 | 50.7 | 49.8 | 49.8 | 50.1 | 50.3 | 50.6 |
| Female, % | 55.4 | 49.9 | 54.9 | 55.8 | 65.9 | 46.4 | 46.5 | 54.2 | 57.6 | 77.2 | 47.6 | 50.7 | 56.4 | 60.1 | 67.3 | 54.9 | 49.7 | 55.1 | 60.5 | 61.7 |
| Black, % | 63.8 | 52.1 | 40.1 | 37.8 | 28.9 | 68.4 | 49.5 | 40.8 | 34.9 | 29.2 | 63.5 | 46.0 | 41.2 | 35.9 | 36.1 | 56.5 | 47.1 | 42.0 | 40.7 | 36.5 |
| Education attained through year 25, y | 14.5 | 14.8 | 15.2 | 15.6 | 15.8 | 14.0 | 14.9 | 15.3 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 14.2 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 15.7 | 14.8 | 14.9 | 15.2 | 15.3 | 15.6 |
| Lifestyle factors and medical history | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Never smoker, % | 51.3 | 52.0 | 49.9 | 57.3 | 52.02 | 45.3 | 53.8 | 52.3 | 54.3 | 56.7 | 45.3 | 52.6 | 55.6 | 56.4 | 52.7 | 52.4 | 50.5 | 53.8 | 51.7 | 54.12 |
| Alcohol intake,3 mL/d | 4.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.22 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 4.92 |
| Physical activity,3 exercise units | 292.5 | 304.9 | 310.5 | 339.4 | 369.2 | 267.3 | 319.4 | 323.2 | 348.4 | 348.3 | 273.0 | 314.0 | 335.0 | 340.7 | 360.0 | 301.8 | 316.9 | 324.1 | 311.4 | 368.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.6 | 27.6 | 27.5 | 27.2 | 26.3 | 28.3 | 27.7 | 27.0 | 26.9 | 26.3 | 27.7 | 27.8 | 27.2 | 26.8 | 26.6 | 27.5 | 27.6 | 27.2 | 27.3 | 26.6 |
| CES-D score | 10.6 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 10.9 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 10.9 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 9.0 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 112.4 | 112.4 | 111.6 | 110.7 | 109.6 | 113.8 | 112.9 | 110.9 | 110.1 | 108.9 | 113.2 | 112.7 | 110.7 | 110.2 | 109.8 | 111.7 | 112.4 | 111.3 | 111.0 | 110.2 |
| Diabetes, % | 12.7 | 17.1 | 12.7 | 13.9 | 10.1 | 16.2 | 13.9 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 10.4 | 13.9 | 16.1 | 13.0 | 10.3 | 13.22 | 12.6 | 14.2 | 13.4 | 13.9 | 12.42 |
| Stroke, % | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.32 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.32 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.82 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 1.42 |
| Daily nutrient intake | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total energy, kcal | 2852.5 | 2840.1 | 2613.5 | 2513.9 | 2293.5 | 2961.7 | 2822.7 | 2657.4 | 2529.4 | 2143.8 | 2953.3 | 2720.5 | 2654.8 | 2502.0 | 2280.6 | 2765.4 | 2756.2 | 2712.5 | 2527.5 | 2354.3 |
| Total vitamin C,3 mg/1000 kcal | 54.4 | 58.5 | 67.0 | 88.9 | 143.1 | 44.5 | 59.0 | 73.6 | 94.8 | 136.7 | 46.6 | 61.7 | 73.7 | 93.5 | 134.4 | 59.1 | 60.6 | 68.6 | 89.8 | 122.9 |
| Total vitamin E,3 mg/1000 kcal | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 7.3 | 11.9 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 7.0 | 11.5 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 7.2 | 11.9 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 11.2 |
| Saturated fat, g/1000 kcal | 15.0 | 14.6 | 14.2 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 15.2 | 14.7 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 12.9 | 15.2 | 14.5 | 14.0 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 14.4 | 13.9 | 13.4 |
| Cholesterol, mg/1000 kcal | 148.1 | 148.7 | 145.1 | 140.4 | 138.3 | 152.3 | 151.4 | 144.3 | 139.3 | 133.3 | 151.2 | 147.5 | 143.5 | 139.3 | 139.0 | 138.3 | 146.2 | 147.8 | 145.1 | 143.4 |
| Polyunsaturated fat, g/1000 kcal | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.22 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 8.12 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.0 |
Values are means or percentages as appropriate. Except for vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12, which were based on the average of year 7 and year 20 values, other mean values of nutrient intake were based on the averages of year 0, 7, and 20 values. CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; Q, quintile.
P > 0.05. All others were significant at P ≤ 0.05. ANOVA, chi-square test, or Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test were used as appropriate.
Median values were provided for skewed distributed variables.