TABLE 2.
Multivariable-adjusted mean differences (95% CIs) in cognitive test scores according to quintile of cumulative daily total intake of niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 in the CARDIA study (n = 3136)1
| RAVLT words(mean ± SD: 8.4 ± 3.2) |
DSST symbols(mean ± SD: 70.5 ± 15.9) |
Stroop test points(mean ± SD: 22.5 ± 10.7) |
||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
| Niacin (mg/1000 kcal) | ||||||||
| Q1 (≤9.43) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | ||
| Q2 (9.44–10.98) | 0.06 (−0.25, 0.38) | 0.08 (−0.23, 0.40) | 1.85 (0.35, 3.35) | 1.80 (0.33, 3.27) | −1.67 (−2.76, −0.58) | −1.68 (−2.76, −0.59) | ||
| Q3 (10.99–13.00) | 0.19 (−0.13, 0.51) | 0.19 (−0.13, 0.52) | 2.10 (0.57, 3.62) | 1.99 (0.49, 3.49) | −1.60 (−2.71, −0.49) | −1.59 (−2.70, −0.48) | ||
| Q4 (13.01–17.52) | 0.22 (−0.11, 0.54) | 0.23 (−0.10, 0.56) | 2.48 (0.94, 4.01) | 2.26 (0.73, 3.79) | −1.76 (−2.88, −0.65) | −1.74 (−2.87, −0.61) | ||
| Q5 (≥17.53) | 0.13 (−0.20, 0.46) | 0.17 (−0.18, 0.52) | 3.76 (2.20, 5.32) | 3.92 (2.28, 5.55) | −1.85 (−2.98, −0.71) | −1.89 (−3.10, −0.68) | ||
| P-trend | 0.58 | 0.49 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 0.048 | ||
| Folate (μg/1000 kcal) | ||||||||
| Q1 (≤133.2) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | ||
| Q2 (133.3–169.7) | 0.17 (−0.15, 0.49) | 0.17 (−0.15, 0.48) | 1.75 (0.23, 3.26) | 1.32 (−0.17, 2.81) | −1.29 (−2.39, −0.19) | −1.16 (−2.26, −0.06) | ||
| Q3 (169.8–218.1) | −0.03 (−0.36, 0.29) | −0.00 (−0.33, 0.32) | 1.86 (0.32, 3.40) | 1.53 (0.00, 3.05) | −1.40 (−2.51, −0.28) | −1.28 (−2.41, −0.15) | ||
| Q4 (218.2–294.4) | 0.30 (−0.03, 0.63) | 0.33 (−0.01, 0.67) | 1.89 (0.32, 3.45) | 1.36 (−0.22, 2.95) | −1.21 (−2.35, −0.07) | −1.04 (−2.22, 0.13) | ||
| Q5 (≥294.5) | 0.25 (−0.09, 0.60) | 0.30 (−0.07, 0.68) | 3.11 (1.48, 4.73) | 2.56 (0.82, 4.31) | −1.36 (−2.53, −0.18) | −1.13 (−2.42, 0.16) | ||
| P-trend | 0.12 | 0.09 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.33 | ||
| Vitamin B-6 (mg/1000 kcal) | ||||||||
| Q1 (≤0.77) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | ||
| Q2 (0.78–0.95) | 0.06 (−0.26, 0.37) | 0.04 (−0.28, 0.36) | 2.01 (0.51, 3.52) | 1.62 (0.13, 3.10) | −0.71 (−1.80, 0.39) | −0.62 (−1.72, 0.48) | ||
| Q3 (0.96–1.23) | 0.15 (−0.18, 0.47) | 0.15 (−0.18, 0.48) | 1.97 (0.44, 3.51) | 1.52 (−0.00, 3.05) | −1.03 (−2.14, 0.09) | −0.92 (−2.05, 0.21) | ||
| Q4 (1.24–1.93) | 0.13 (−0.20, 0.45) | 0.13 (−0.21, 0.46) | 2.87 (1.33, 4.41) | 2.24 (0.68, 3.80) | −1.11 (−2.23, 0.01) | −0.94 (−2.09, 0.21) | ||
| Q5 (≥1.94) | 0.19 (−0.14, 0.52) | 0.20 (−0.15, 0.56) | 3.02 (1.46, 4.58) | 2.62 (0.97, 4.28) | −1.29 (−2.42, −0.15) | −1.17 (−2.39, 0.06) | ||
| P-trend | 0.33 | 0.31 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.16 | ||
| Vitamin B-12 (μg/1000 kcal) | ||||||||
| Q1 (≤1.86) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | ||
| Q2 (1.87–2.54) | −0.07 (−0.39, 0.24) | −0.04 (−0.36, 0.27) | 0.60 (−0.91, 2.10) | 1.05 (−0.42, 2.52) | −0.27 (−1.36, 0.82) | −0.47 (−1.55, 0.62) | ||
| Q3 (2.55–3.53) | 0.08 (−0.23, 0.40) | 0.10 (−0.21, 0.42) | 0.24 (−1.27, 1.74) | 0.53 (−0.94, 2.01) | −0.45 (−1.54, 0.64) | −0.56 (−1.65, 0.53) | ||
| Q4 (3.54–5.74) | −0.15 (−0.47, 0.17) | −0.12 (−0.44, 0.20) | 0.22 (−1.29, 1.73) | 0.70 (−0.78, 2.19) | −0.17 (−1.27, 0.92) | −0.36 (−1.45, 0.74) | ||
| Q5 (≥5.75) | −0.12 (−0.44, 0.20) | −0.11 (−0.45, 0.22) | 1.80 (0.28, 3.32) | 2.08 (0.52, 3.65) | −0.92 (−2.02, 0.19) | −0.99 (−2.14, 0.17) | ||
| P-trend | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.15 | ||
Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, race (white or black), center (Alabama, Illinoi, Minnesota, or California), and educational attainment through year 25. Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 covariates plus for ever smoking (yes or no), alcohol intake, physical activity, BMI, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores, systolic blood pressure, diabetes (yes or no), total energy intake, saturated fat intake, and cholesterol intake. For niacin and folate, models were further adjusted for vitamin C and polyunsaturated fat intake; for vitamin B-6, models were further adjusted for vitamin C intake; and for vitamin B-12, models were further adjusted for vitamin E intake and polyunsaturated fat intake. Because vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 values were not available in year 0, the average intake was calculated with year 7 and 20 values. CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; Q, quintile; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; ref, reference.