Table 3.
Comparisons between attention training and standard care groups for the secondary cognitive outcomes
| Baseline versus 6 months | 6 versus 12 months | Baseline versus 12 months | |||||||||
| Score | Attention | Standard | p | Attention | Standard | p | Attention | Standard | p | ||
| range | training | care | training | Care | training | care | |||||
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment | Δs# | 0–30 | 1.1±4.1 | 1.1±3.4 | 0.936 | 0.8±3 | –0.3±2.7 | 0.188 | 2±3.9 | 0.8±4.5 | 0.381 |
| Stable/better* | 18 (90%) | 20 (91%) | 0.920 | 20 (95%) | 1Z8 (82%) | 0.170 | 18 (90%) | 19 (86%) | 0.716 | ||
| Mini Mental State Examination | Δs# | 0–30 | –0.3±1.9 | –0.8±1.9 | 0.458 | –0.4±2.6 | 0.4±1.9 | 0.236 | –0.7±2.8 | –0.3±1.8 | 0.601 |
| Stable/better* | 20 (95%) | 21 (95%) | 0.973 | 20 (95%) | 21 (95%) | 0.973 | 20 (95%) | 22 (100%) | 0.300 | ||
| RAVL (immediate) | Δs# | 0–75 | 2±7.6 | 1.6±4.9 | 0.839 | 1.8 ± 4.9 | –1.4 ± 3.8 | 0.021 | 3.8 ± 6.1 | 0.2 ± 4.4 | 0.032 |
| Stable/better* | 16 (76%) | 21 (95%) | 0.068 | 20 (95%) | 17 (77%) | 0.089 | 19 (91%) | 17 (77%) | 0.241 | ||
| RAVL (recall) | Δs# | 0–15 | 0.3±2.2 | 0.4±2.5 | 0.858 | 0.5±2.5 | –0.3±2 | 0.212 | 0.9±2.3 | 0.1±2 | 0.268 |
| Stable/better* | 20 (95%) | 17 (77%) | 0.089 | 20 (95%) | 18 (82%) | 0.170 | 19 (91%) | 18 (82%) | 0.413 | ||
| ROCF (recall) | Δs# | 0–36 | –0.4±7.4 | 2.3±6.7 | 0.184 | 0.6±6.5 | –1±3.7 | 0.358 | 0.7±9.7 | 1.5±5.8 | 0.768 |
| Stable/better* | 13 (72%) | 16 (76%) | 0.777 | 15 (94%) | 15 (75%) | 0.134 | 15 (88%) | 16 (80%) | 0.498 | ||
| Short story | Δs# | 0–28 | –1.3±3.1 | –0.1±2.5 | 0.164 | 0.7±2.2 | 0±2.9 | 0.420 | –0.7±2.7 | –0.1±3.2 | 0.527 |
| Stable/better* | 17 (81%) | 18 (82%) | 0.942 | 20 (95%) | 20 (91%) | 0.578 | 19 (91%) | 18 (82%) | 0.413 | ||
| Visual search | Δs# | 0–50 | –3.4±7.1 | –2.6±9.1 | 0.762 | 0.3±6.9 | –1.5±7.3 | 0.405 | –3±8.2 | –4.2±9.7 | 0.674 |
| Stable/better* | 15 (71%) | 15 (71%) | – | 20 (95%) | 15 (71%) | 0.038 | 15 (71%) | 13 (65%) | 0.658 | ||
| Symbol Digit Modalities Test | Δs# | 0–110 | 1.1±5.4 | –0.3±4.1 | 0.328 | –2±6.1 | 0.3±5.8 | 0.198 | –0.9±4.6 | –0.1±7.8 | 0.639 |
| Stable/better* | 19 (91%) | 21 (95%) | 0.522 | 19 (91%) | 19 (86%) | 0.674 | 20 (95%) | 18 (82%) | 0.170 | ||
| Color word Stroop Test | Δs# | Time (s) | 0.4±16.4 | –1.7±25.2 | 0.743 | 1.7±15.3 | –3.4±25.6 | 0.428 | 2.2±18.4 | –5.1±26 | 0.294 |
| Stable/better* | 19 (91%) | 20 (91%) | 0.961 | 19 (91%) | 18 (82%) | 0.413 | 18 (86%) | 17 (77%) | 0.477 | ||
| Trail Making Test-A | Δs# | Time (s) | –7.7±23.8 | 3.9±28.2 | 0.157 | 2.9±24.6 | –11.83±30.7 | 0.094 | –4.8±29.6 | –13.2±44.9 | 0.476 |
| Stable/better* | 15 (71%) | 18 (82%) | 0.420 | 19 (91%) | 17 (77%) | 0.241 | 18 (86%) | 16 (73%) | 0.295 | ||
| Trail Making Test -B | Δs# | Time (s) | 24.5±55.9 | –14.1±48.5 | 0.142 | –13.2±51.4 | –4.2±21 | 0.651 | 10.7±45.3 | –4.6±53.8 | 0.534 |
| Stable/better* | 16 (89%) | 16 (80%) | 0.453 | 16 (89%) | 15 (88%) | 0.952 | 16 (84%) | 14 (82%) | 0.881 | ||
| Phonemic verbal fluency | Δs# | Words in 3 min | 0±6.7 | 0.3±5.4 | 0.882 | 0.1±6.4 | –0.3±6.5 | 0.835 | 0.1±7.7 | 0±6.7 | 0.951 |
| Stable/better* | 19 (91%) | 18 (82%) | 0.413 | 19 (91%) | 20 (91%) | 0.961 | 18 (86%) | 19 (86%) | 0.951 | ||
| Semantic verbal fluency | Δs# | Words in 3 min | –0.5±5.3 | 0.8±5 | 0.392 | –0.1±5.9 | 0±5.6 | 0.973 | –0.6±7.2 | 0.8±5.9 | 0.486 |
| Stable/better* | 18 (86%) | 19 (86%) | 0.951 | 19 (91%) | 19 (86%) | 0.674 | 18 (86%) | 19 (86%) | 0.951 | ||
| ROCF (copy) | Δs# | 0–36 | –1.5±7.9 | 2.3±6.7 | 0.098 | –0.3±6.1 | –2.8±7.3 | 0.235 | –1.6±8.8 | –0.9±7.8 | 0.789 |
| Stable/better* | 20 (100%) | 22 (100%) | – | 18 (95%) | 14 (67%) | 0.027 | 19 (95%) | 17 (81%) | 0.169 | ||
RAVL, Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test; ROCF, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. #A positive Δ score indicates improvement (Δs approach); independent sample t tests. *Percentages of patients having a stable or better evaluation (clinically significance approach); chi square tests.