Effects of maternal HFD prior to pregnancy. Female mice were placed on HFD for 8 weeks. Total body weight (A) was assessed, and serum insulin, leptin levels (B), and cytokines levels (C) were measured using MSD multiplexed plates (see Section 2). Weight data was analyzed by Linear regression (p < 0.0001) and insulin, leptin, and cytokine data were analyzed by t-test, p < 0.05, n = 8–9. “*”denotes statistical significance.