Effects of maternal HFD on pup weights and serum cytokine levels. Pups born to dams fed either CD or HFD were weighed at birth, PN day 7, and PN day 21 (A). Serum was collected at PN day 7 (B) and PN day 21 (C) and cytokines levels were measured using MSD multiplexed plates (see Section 2). Weight data (A) were analyzed by Univariate Analysis of Variance and indicated an effect of diet (0.000), sex (0.038), and time (0.000) with interactions between sex and time (0.010), and diet and time, n = 9– 21. Cytokine data were analyzed by multivariate regression using diet, sex, and time as variables; effects of diet (0.008) and time (0.000) were indicated, n = 4–5. Between subject effects were diet for IL-10 (0.040) and IL-5 (0.007) and time for IL-2 (0.000) and IL5 (0.009). Within group differences indicated by Tukey’s post hoc analyses were denoted as follows “*”statistically different than CD same sex; “#”statistically different than same diet different sex, p < 0.05.