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. 2017 Sep 1;220(17):3181–3190. doi: 10.1242/jeb.156166

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© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Fig. 5. — Axis-angle decomposition of an axis connecting the diapophysis and parapophysis for costovertebral joints 1–8 in A. mississippiensis. (A,B) Thoracic vertebral column in lateral (A) and ventral (B) views showing the projected angles between the diapophysis and parapophysis in the sagittal and transverse planes. (C) Ternary plot showing mean orientation of each costovertebral joint in A. mississippiensis expressed as relative percentages of X, Y and Z (note the X-axis begins at 20%). Error bars show ±s.d. (n=4 individuals). The orientations of the joints predict the relative amounts of pump handle, calliper and bucket handle motion expected.