Table 2.
Individual compositional and contextual factors associated with polio unvaccination, Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys data, 2013.
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CrI) | OR (95% CrI) | OR (95% CrI) | OR (95% CrI) | |
| Fixed-effect | ||||
| Individual-level factors | ||||
| Male (vs female) | 0.97 (0.82 to 1.13) | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.13) | ||
| Age (completed years) | ||||
| 18–24 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| 25–34 | 1.11 (0.88 to 1.37) | 1.09 (0.86 to 1.36) | ||
| 35+ | 0.98 (0.80 to 1.19) | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.21) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorer | 2.19 (1.56 to 3.01) | 1.88 (1.29 to 2.74) | ||
| Middle | 1.85 (1.42 to 2.38) | 1.69 (1.27 to 2.21) | ||
| Richer | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Education | ||||
| No education | 3.26 (2.32 to 4.40) | 2.78 (2.07 to 3.70) | ||
| Primary | 1.99 (1.46 to 2.60) | 1.94 (1.47 to 2.52) | ||
| Secondary or higher | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Current not working | 1.50 (1.24 to 1.81) | 1.46 (1.21 to 1.76) | ||
| No media access | 1.19 (0.99 to 1.43) | 1.16 (0.96 to 1.39) | ||
| Neighborhood-level factors | ||||
| Geopolitical region | ||||
| North Central | 2.40 (0.55 to 5.83) | 2.64 (0.73 to 7.81) | ||
| North East | 4.36 (0.90 to 12.21) | 4.27 (1.23 to 12.04) | ||
| North West | 1.12 (0.37 to 3.98) | 1.10 (0.32 to 2.93) | ||
| South East | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| South South | 2.29 (0.62 to 6.13) | 2.60 (0.92 to 6.49) | ||
| South West | 1.95 (0.42 to 5.56) | 2.33 (0.53 to 7.79) | ||
| Rural (vs urban) | 1.44 (1.03 to 1.90) | 1.12 (0.80 to 1.54) | ||
| High (vs low) poverty rate | 1.61 (1.13 to 2.20) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.62) | ||
| High (vs low) unemployment rate | 1.46 (1.10 to 1.90) | 1.27 (0.97 to 1.64) | ||
| High (vs low) illiteracy rate | 3.36 (2.29 to 4.81) | 1.92 (1.29 to 2.75) | ||
| Random effects | ||||
| State-level | ||||
| Variance (95 CrI) | 1.66 (0.94 to 2.85) | 0.98 (0.55 to 1.71) | 0.95 (0.50 to 1.69) | 0.89 (0.46 to 1.59) |
| VPC (%) | 26.2 (17.8 to 36.0) | 18.7 (12.0 to 27.3) | 17.9 (10.8 to 26.4) | 17.3 (10.3 to 25.8) |
| MOR (%, 95% CrI) | 3.42 (2.52 to 5.00) | 2.57 (2.03 to 3.48) | 2.54 (1.96 to 3.46) | 2.46 (1.91 to 3.33) |
| Explained variation (%) | reference | 41.0 (40.0 to 41.9) | 42.5 (40.6 to 47.2) | 46.4 (44.2 to 51.3) |
| Neighborhood-level | ||||
| Variance (95 CrI) | 1.38 (1.07 to 1.78) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.27) | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.42) | 0.98 (0.70 to 1.28) |
| VPC (%, 95% CrI) | 48.0 (37.9 to 58.5) | 37.1 (27.7 to 47.5) | 38.1 (28.4 to 48.6) | 36.2 (26.0 to 46.6) |
| MOR (%, 95% CrI) | 3.07 (2.68 to 3.57) | 2.55 (2.24 to 2.93) | 2.69 (2.36 to 3.11) | 2.57 (2.22 to 2.95) |
| Explained variation (%) | reference | 30.5 (28.9 to 33.0) | 22.2 (20.6 to 24.3) | 29.4 (28.0 to 34.9) |
| Model fit statistics | ||||
| DIC | 4600 | 4513 | 4564 | 4502 |
| Sample size | ||||
| State-level | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
| Neighborhood-level | 890 | 890 | 890 | 890 |
| Individual-level | 5,754 | 5,754 | 5,754 | 5,754 |
a
Model 1 – empty null model, baseline model without any explanatory variables (unconditional model)
b
Model 2 – adjusted for only individual-level factors
c
Model 3 – adjusted for only neighborhood-level factors
d
Model 4 – adjusted for individual-, and neighborhood-level factors (full model)
OR – odds ratio, CrI – credible interval, MOR – median odds ratio, VPC – variance partition coefficient, DIC – Bayesian Deviance Information Criteria