Table 5.

Coefficients for the association between youth volunteering and depression scale

	Wave 3				Wave 4
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8
	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)
Youth volunteering (voluntary)	−0.500** (0.161)	−0.427** (0.162)	−0.400 (0.208)	−0.340 (0.201)	−0.501** (0.186)	−0.390* (0.187)	−0.478* (0.241)	−0.415 (0.235)
Youth volunteering (involuntary)	0.013 (0.284)	−0.041 (0.272)	0.079 (0.344)	0.176 (0.332)	0.446 (0.366)	0.551 (0.379)	0.657 (0.414)	0.731 (0.400)
School problems				0.128 (0.078)				0.163 (0.097)
College aspirations				−0.033 (0.103)				−0.027 (0.140)
Self-reported GPA				−0.380** (0.137)				−0.479** (0.165)
School-year work				−0.035 (0.216)				0.202 (0.267)
Delinquency scale				0.003 (0.052)				−0.064 (0.053)
Sexual activity				−0.268 (0.235)				−0.531* (0.269)
Religious attendance				0.108 (0.129)				−0.134 (0.158)
Depression scale (W1)				0.230*** (0.029)				0.258*** (0.033)
Sample	Family	Family	Family	Family	Family	Family	Family	Family
Fixed-effects	None	School	Family	Family	None	School	Family	Family
Controls	Basic	Basic	Basic	Extra	Basic	Basic	Basic	Extra
n (individuals)	3032	3032	3032	3032	2513	2513	2513	2513

Note. All models without family fixed effects include the following set of control variables: age, gender, race/ethnicity, grade level, first-born child, mother’s education, family income, and rural status. Family fixed effects models include the following set of control variables: age, gender, race/ethnicity, grade level, and first-born child. In all models without family fixed effects, robust standard errors are clustered at the school level. In family fixed effects models, robust standard errors are clustered at the family level.

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001.