Table 6.

Coefficients for the association between youth volunteering and years of schooling and log earnings

	Wave 4
	Years of schooling				Log earnings
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8
	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)
Youth volunteering (voluntary)	0.794*** (0.071)	0.712*** (0.066)	0.312*** (0.086)	0.230** (0.082)	0.153*** (0.036)	0.140*** (0.035)	0.111* (0.055)	0.106* (0.053)
Youth volunteering (involuntary)	0.891*** (0.128)	0.857*** (0.137)	0.543*** (0.150)	0.466*** (0.137)	0.125* (0.061)	0.143* (0.059)	0.182* (0.091)	0.180* (0.089)
School problems				0.022 (0.029)				−0.029 (0.022)
College aspirations				0.094** (0.036)				0.026 (0.029)
Self-reported GPA				0.536*** (0.057)				0.065 (0.043)
School-year work				−0.027 (0.082)				0.103 (0.060)
Delinquency scale				−0.042* (0.018)				0.020 (0.014)
Sexual activity				0.049 (0.097)				0.169* (0.070)
Religious attendance				0.020 (0.047)				0.063 (0.039)
Self-esteem				0.010 (0.011)				0.015 (0.008)
Sample	Family	Family	Family	Family	Family	Family	Family	Family
Fixed-effects	None	School	Family	Family	None	School	Family	Family
n (individuals)	2513	2513	2513	2513	2109	2109	2109	2109

Note. All models without family fixed effects include the following set of control variables: age, gender, race/ethnicity, grade level, first-born child, mother’s education, family income, and rural status. Family fixed effects models include the following set of control variables: age, gender, race/ethnicity, grade level, and first-born child. In all models without family fixed effects, robust standard errors are clustered at the school level. In family fixed effects models, robust standard errors are clustered at the family level.

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001.