Table 1.
Characteristics of participants (mean±SD or %)
| Overall (N=214) |
Men (N=111) |
Women (N=103) |
p-value for sex diff.* |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 74.0±6.0 | 74.8±6.6 | 73.1±5.2 | 0.11 |
| Race (% White) | 88.3 | 87.4 | 89.2 | 0.68 |
| Education (years) | 14.9±2.7 | 15.0±3.1 | 14.8±2.3 | 0.63 |
| Annual household income<$50,000 | 42.2 | 34.3 | 50.5 | 0.02 |
| Married or living with partner | 66.4 | 77.5 | 54.4 | <0.001 |
| Living alone | 25.2 | 15.3 | 35.9 | 0.001 |
| Health and healthcare | ||||
| CESD Depression Scale | 5.8±6.2 | 5.4±5.8 | 6.2±6.6 | 0.47 |
| Beck Anxiety Scale | 4.4±5.5 | 3.5±5.2 | 5.4±5.8 | <0.001 |
| Number of comorbid conditions† | 1.9±1.5 | 1.7±1.4 | 2.2±1.6 | 0.09 |
| Currently taking ≥2 medications‡ | 22.7 | 25.2 | 19.8 | 0.35 |
| Heart or circulatory condition | 45.8 | 46.8 | 44.7 | 0.75 |
| Diabetes | 12.1 | 17.1 | 6.8 | 0.02 |
| Respiratory disease | 11.7 | 7.2 | 16.5 | 0.03 |
| Cancer | 22 | 20.7 | 23.3 | 0.65 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 5.1 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 0.86 |
| Osteoarthritis | 15 | 10.8 | 19.4 | 0.08 |
| Osteoporosis | 12.6 | 3.6 | 22.3 | <0.001 |
| Poor vision | 1.9 | 2.7 | 1 | 0.35 |
| Physical limitations (ADL) | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.94 |
| Hospitalized in past 3 mos. | 5.6 | 4.5 | 6.8 | 0.48 |
| Tinetti falls efficacy scale | 11.8±7.8 | 12.2± 9.5 | 11.4±5.2 | 0.84 |
| Number of indoor falls in past 6 mos. | 0.2±0.7 | 0.2± 0.5 | 0.2±1.0 | 0.68 |
| Number of outdoor falls in past 6 mos. | 0.2±0.9 | 0.3± 1.2 | 0.2±0.4 | 0.73 |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.8±4.5 | 27.5±4.2 | 26.0±4.6 | 0.006 |
| Current smoker | 2.8 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 0.36 |
| Weekly frequency of alcohol use | 2.0±2.4 | 2.3±2.5 | 1.7±2.3 | 0.09 |
| Car ownership | 99.5 | 100.0 | 98.9 | 0.29 |
| Paid or volunteer employment | 24.4 | 25.2 | 23.5 | 0.77 |
*
Chi2 test for categorical and Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables.
†
Number of comorbidities including: heart or circulatory conditions (stroke, ischemic attack, high blood pressure); respiratory (asthma, COPD); cancer or malignant tumor; rheumatoid arthritis (not including rheumatism); intestine or colon polyps or adenomas; gallbladder disease or gallstones; systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus); kidney or bladder stones (renal or urinary calculi); diabetes; cataracts; glaucoma; osteoporosis (weak or brittle bones); and osteoarthritis.
‡
Medications taken for any of the comorbid conditions listed.