Table 3.

Change in Mindfulness Between Treatment Groups

FFMQ Variable*, Score Range	Tai Chi (n=41)	Physical Therapy (n=34)	Between Groups Difference	P-value†
Total Mindfulness 39–195
Baseline Mean ± SD	141.4± 17.3	142.4± 16.9	−1.02 (−8.38, 6.34)‡	0.78
Mean Change, (95% CI)	0.76 (−2.93,4.45)	1.80 (−2.33, 5.93)	−1.04 (−6.48, 4.39)	0.70
Observing 8–40
Baseline Mean ± SD	27.7± 5.9	29.1± 6.6	−1.36 (−4.04, 1.31)‡	0.31
Mean Change, (95% CI)	−1.00 (−2.17, 0.17)	0.73 (−0.92, 0.76)	−1.72 (−3.67, 0.21)	0.08
Describing 8–40
Baseline Mean ± SD	30.5± 5.7	30.9± 6.1	−0.41 (−2.94, 2.12)‡	0.75
Mean Change, (95% CI)	−0.18 (−1.64, 1.27)	0.00 (−1.08, 1.08)	−0.18 (−2.03, 1.66)	0.84
Acting-with-Awareness 8–40
Baseline Mean ± SD	30.9± 6.0	29.7± 7.0	1.28 (−1.52, 4.09)‡	0.36
Mean Change, (95% CI)	0.66 (−0.96, 2.28)	−0.50 (−2.32, 1.32)	1.16 (−1.23, 3.55)	0.34
Non-Judging 8–40
Baseline Mean ± SD	30.3± 5.9	29.5± 5.9	0.80 (−1.73, 3.33)‡	0.53
Mean Change, (95% CI)	1.80 (0.46, 3.15)	0.41 (−1.05, 1.88)	1.39 (−0.57, 3.35)	0.16
Non-Reacting 7–35
Baseline Mean ± SD	22.0± 4.8	23.3± 4.9	−1.33 (−3.43, 0.76)‡	0.21
Mean Change, (95% CI)	−0.52 (−1.48, 0.45)	1.16 (−0.52, 2.84)	−1.68 (−3.51, 0.15)	0.07

Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Intervals; SD = standard deviation.

^*FFMQ = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; higher scores indicate higher levels of mindfulness.

^†T-tests were performed to assess difference in change between groups.

^‡(95% CI). Note: Follow-up measures occurred at 12 or 24 weeks post-baseline, depending on when the follow-up FFMQ was completed.