Table 1. Characteristics of postmenopausal women by fracture status.
| Cases | Controls | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 211 | 232 | ||
| Age (year) | 68.4 ± 7.7 | 68.3 ± 6.7 | 0.937 | |
| Height (cm) | 162.7 ± 6.1 | 161.2 ± 6.6 | 0.011 | |
| Weight (kg) | 68.9 ± 10.5 | 70.0 ± 10.8 | 0.280 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 3.8 | 27.0 ± 4.3 | 0.015 | |
| Self-reported good health, n (%) | 147 (70.3) | 165 (71.1) | 0.860 | |
| Physical activity (hour/week) | 2.6 ± 1.6 | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 0.421 | |
| Currently smoker, n (%) | 29 (13.7) | 24 (10.3) | 0.257 | |
| Alcohol intake (drink/week) | 3.2 ± 3.7 | 3.3 ± 3.5 | 0.407 | |
| History of previous fracture, n (%) | 61 (28.9) | 0 | ||
| Parental hip fracture, n (%) | 34 (16.1) | 37 (16.0) | 0.469 | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 11 (5.2) | 8 (3.5) | 0.407 | |
| Oral glucocorticoid use, n (%) | 8 (3.8) | 2 (0.9) | 0.023 | |
| Take calcium supplements, n (%) | 44 (20.9) | 28 (12.1) | 0.007 | |
| Take vitamin D supplements, n (%) | 163 (77.3) | 166 (71.6) | 0.278 | |
| Hyperthyroidism, n (%) | 8 (3.8) | 6 (2.6) | 0.468 | |
| Hypothyroidism, n (%) | 40 (19.0) | 20 (8.6) | 0.002 | |
| Ulcerative colitis/Crohn’s disease, n (%) | 12 (5.7) | 5 (2.2) | 0.054 | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 9 (4.3) | 13 (5.6) | 0.513 | |
| Early menopause < 45 years, n (%) | 34 (16.1) | 22 (9.5) | 0.036 | |
| eGFR (ml/min) | 77.4 ± 16.8 | 77.8 ± 14.9 | 0.584 | |
| eGFR below 60 ml/min, n (%) | 25 (11.9) | 22 (9.5) | 0.409 | |
| Femoral neck (FN) aBMD (mg/cm2) | 794 ± 100 | 860 ± 110 | < 0.001 | |
| FRAX estimate with FN aBMD (%) | 15.2 ± 7.8 | 10.8 ± 4.9 | < 0.001 | |
| Garvan estimate with FN aBMD (%) | 22.6 ± 13.3 | 14.4 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 | |
| Number of fracture >50 years, n (%)* | ||||
| 1 | 44 (20.9) | 0 | ||
| 2 | 15 (7.1) | 0 | ||
| ≥3 | 2 (1.0) | 0 | ||
| Number of falls in past year, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 138 (65.4) | 147 (63.4) | ||
| 1 | 58 (27.5) | 71 (30.6) | ||
| 2 | 14 (6.6) | 12 (5.2) | ||
| ≥3 | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.9) | ||
| Femoral subtrochanter architecture | ||||
| Total bone vBMD (mg HA/cm3) | 684 ± 113 | 750 ± 90.0 | < 0.001 | |
| Cortical porosity (%) | 43.8 ± 4.35 | 41.7 ± 3.39 | < 0.001 | |
| Cortical thickness (mm) | 4.06 ± 0.58 | 4.36 ± 0.54 | < 0.001 | |
| Cortical cross-sectional area (mm2) | 409 ± 39.1 | 417 ± 39.4 | 0.029 | |
| Cortical vBMD (mg HA/cm3) | 1025 ± 72.6 | 1059 ± 56.6 | < 0.001 | |
| Cortical bone mineral content (mg HA) | 1552 ± 184 | 1636 ± 174 | < 0.001 | |
| Trabecular BV/TV (%) | 0.266 ± 0.241 | 0.272 ± 0.314 | 0.806 | |
Numbers are mean ± standard deviation or number (%).*Total number of fracture did not include index fractures. Cases and controls were compared using analysis of variance adjusted for age.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; aBMD, areal bone mineral density; vBMD, volumetric BMD; HA, hydroxyapatite; BV/TV, bone volume/tissue volume; FRAX, Fracture Risk Assessment Tool for calculation of the 10-year probability of major fracture; Garvan, Fracture Risk estimate of the 10-year fracture risk for any fragility fracture.