Fig. 4.

Increase in dietary Pi intake enhanced colonic inflammation through the activation of NF-κB in DSS-induced colitis. (A) MPO activity in the colonic tissue of DSS-induced rat. (B, C) Colonic inflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNA levels in DSS-induced rats were determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. (D) NF-κB p65 expression of colonic tissue was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. Magnification bar, 300 µm. (E) NF-κB activity of colonic nuclear extract was evaluated by EMSA. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4–7). *p<0.05 vs control of same dietary Pi group; ^#p<0.05 vs Pi: 0.5% + DSS group; ^†p<0.05 vs Pi: 1.0% + DSS group.