Table 2.
Nutrient intake and sufficiency rate
| Nutrient | Placebo group |
Chlorella group |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline |
With supplement |
||||||
| Mean ± SE | SR (%) | Mean ± SE | SR (%) | Mean ± SE | SR (%) | ||
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2,221 ± 281 | 82.4 | 2,055 ± 107 | 75.9 | 2,078 ± 107* | 76.7 | |
| Protein (g/d) | 77 ± 13 | 128.7 | 64 ± 4 | 106.6 | 67 ± 4* | 112.3 | |
| Fat (g/d) | 58 ± 9 | — | 53 ± 3 | — | 54 ± 3* | — | |
| n-6 (g/d) | 11.3 ± 1.5 | 102.8 | 10.6 ± 0.8 | 96.5 | 10.7 ± 0.8* | 97.3 | |
| n-3 (g/d) | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 131.8 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 116.3 | 2.4 ± 0.3* | 121.0 | |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 325 ± 43 | — | 317 ± 21 | — | 318 ± 21* | — | |
| Na (mg/d) | 5,530 ± 785 | 921.6 | 4,444 ± 268 | 740.6 | 4,446 ± 268* | 740.9 | |
| K (mg/d) | 2,175 ± 318 | 87.0 | 1,976 ± 233 | 79.0 | 2,030 ± 233* | 81.2 | |
| Ca (mg/d) | 459 ± 78 | 57.3 | 400 ± 40 | 50.0 | 418 ± 40* | 52.3 | |
| Mg (mg/d) | 242 ± 36 | 71.2 | 202 ± 17 | 59.4 | 223 ± 17* | 65.5 | |
| P (mg/d) | 1,048 ± 164 | 104.8 | 888 ± 52 | 88.8 | 982 ± 52* | 98.2 | |
| Fe (mg/d) | 8.0 ± 1.2 | 114.7 | 6.6 ± 0.6 | 94.5 | 14.4 ± 0.7* | 205.9 | |
| Zn (mg/d) | 9.5 ± 1.4 | 95.2 | 8.4 ± 0.5 | 84.4 | 8.5 ± 0.5* | 85.0 | |
| Cu (mg/d) | 1.29 ± 0.17 | 143.7 | 1.17 ± 0.08 | 130.2 | 1.18 ± 0.08* | 131.6 | |
| Mn (mg/d) | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 85.6 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 79.8 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 79.8 | |
| Retinol equivalent (µg/d) | 735 ± 123 | 86.4 | 586 ± 110 | 68.9 | 611 ± 110* | 71.9 | |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 10.3 ± 1.6 | 186.7 | 8.0 ± 1.4 | 145.6 | 26.3 ± 1.5* | 478.7 | |
| Vitamin K (µg/d) | 312 ± 55 | 208.3 | 287 ± 56 | 191.4 | 359 ± 56* | 239.3 | |
| α-Tocopherol (mg/d) | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 105.2 | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 97.3 | 6.5 ± 0.6* | 99.6 | |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/d) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 57.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 51.7 | 0.8 ± 0.1* | 59.1 | |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/d) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 75.4 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 66.7 | 1.4 ± 0.1* | 86.2 | |
| Niacin (mg/d) | 16.5 ± 2.7 | 109.9 | 13.2 ± 1.2 | 87.8 | 16.2 ± 1.3* | 107.8 | |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 84.5 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 72.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1* | 80.6 | |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 8.6 ± 1.46 | 357.0 | 6.1 ± 0.9 | 255.2 | 6.2 ± 0.9* | 256.1 | |
| Folic acid (µg/d) | 305.9 ± 41.3 | 127.5 | 264.0 ± 40.3 | 110.0 | 264.2 ± 40.3* | 110.1 | |
| Pantothenic acid (mg/d) | 6.9 ± 1.1 | 137.7 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 122.5 | 6.4 ± 0.4* | 127.9 | |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 89.1 ± 14.7 | 89.1 | 88.3 ± 21.1 | 88.3 | 88.5 ± 21.1* | 88.5 | |
SR, sufficiency rate.*p<0.05 vs baseline. There were no differences in the daily nutrient intake between the groups before the tablet intake period. The SR of iron, vitamin B2, D and K, and niacin increased by ≥20% with Chlorella supplementation (shown as bold font).