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. 2017 Jul 28;18(5):711–727. doi: 10.1007/s10162-017-0625-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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FIG. 1 — Schematic representation of bipolar (BP), tripolar (TP), quadrupolar virtual channel (QPVC), and all-polar (AP) modes of stimulation. The direction and length of each arrow indicates the polarity and amplitude of stimulation. Only eight electrodes are shown, for clarity.