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. 2017 Sep 25;7:12271. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12552-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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NMDAR-dependent modulation of thalamocortical oscillations in vivo. (a) Left, experimental settings for in vivo optogenetic stimulation of corticoreticular fibers. Inset shows the trajectory of the optic fiber positioned on top of the nRt, and the electrocoagulation marking the position of the electrode in S1. Right, example of cortical LFPs showing low-frequency oscillations typical for urethane anaesthesia, and representative responses to laser stimulation elicited in Ntsr1-Cre^tg/+ mice, whereas Ntsr1-Cre^+/+ mice lacked evoked responses. (b) Raw cortical LFP traces (top), power spectrum from wavelet analysis (middle) and power diagram for total power, for SOs (0.5–1.25 Hz) and δ oscillations (1.25–4 Hz) (bottom) during a 200-s long period, before and after train stimulation. Thick lines in the power diagram represent epochs in which SOs (blue) or δ oscillations (purple) were dominant, i.e. contribute to ≥ 50% of the total power. (c) Mean power spectra during baseline (black) and at 10–30 min after train stimulation (green) in Ntsr1-Cre^tg/+ (n = 7, left), Ntsr1-Cre^+/+ (n = 5, middle), and Ntsr1-Cre^tg/+ mice with local injection of MK-801 (n = 6, right). Red thick line indicates the frequency range where a significant difference occurred (**p < 0.01, post hoc Fisher’s LSD test after two-way repeated measures ANOVA on 1-Hz-binned values). Representative cortical LFP stretches and photoactivated responses are displayed in the insets. (d) Time course of % dominance of SOs (blue) and δ oscillations (purple) in the three experimental series shown in (c). Fluorescence image shows verification of the injection site for MK-801 with Alexa 594. *p < 0.05, Wilcoxon test.