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. 2017 Sep 25;7:12275. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12407-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The black arrow in (A) indicates the location of the HRTEM image in (B) which shows that the as-deposited iron film contains poorly defined grains with ill-defined grain boundaries. These grain boundaries contain atoms in non-equilibrium positions (schematically depicted in C), resulting in excess free volume and dislocation content. (D) Shows the same film annealed to 600 °C for 10 minutes generating a well-defined grain structure. The black arrow in (D) indicates the location of the HRTEM image in (E) where near-equilibrium grain boundary structure is visible in the higher magnification image of the triple junction. Annealing allowed the atoms at the grain boundaries to assume equilibrium positions and reduce the excess free volume, resulting in grain boundaries that consist largely of ordered dislocations. (F) Schematic representation of the equilibrium grain boundary structure.