Table 3.
Imaging markers associated with post-stroke depression and post-stroke apathy
| Imaging marker | Studies | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Acute phase | Post-acute phase | Chronic phase | |
| PSD | |||
| Degree of WMH | – | Deep WMH: Kim et al. (2011); Tang et al. (2010) | Overall, BG, frontal WMC: Chatterjee et al. (2010) |
| Left frontal WMH: Mok et al. (2010) | Overall, deep, periventricular WMH: Pavlovic et al. (2016) | ||
| Cerebral microbleeds | Choi-Kwon et al. (2012) | Tang et al. (2011a, b, 2014a, b) | – |
| Large lesion volume | Shimoda and Robinson (1999); Ku et al. (2013); Nys et al. (2005) | Hama et al. (2007b); MacHale et al. (1998); Morris et al. (1992); Schwartz et al. (1993); Shimoda and Robinson (1999); Zhang et al. (2012) | Sharpe et al. (1990, 1994); Shimoda and Robinson (1999) |
| Large number of lesions | – | Bendsen et al. (1997); Jiang et al. (2014); Tang et al. (2014b); Zhang et al. (2012) | Chatterjee et al. (2010); Lacunar lesions: Pavlovic et al. (2016) |
| Metabolism | Huang et al. (2010); Xu et al. (2008) | Glodzik-Sobanska et al. (2006); Wang et al. (2012); Xu et al. (2008) | – |
| Atrophy | – | Left IFG: Fu et al. (2010) FL: Tang et al. (2013b) | Subcortical: Astrom et al. (1993); Starkstein et al. (1988) |
| Regional cerebral blood flow | – | Left hemisphere: Wichowicz et al. (2006) | – |
| Functional connectivity / fractional anisotropy | Altered FC in left orbital part of IFG: Zhang et al. (2014) | Frontal WM integrity: Williamson et al. (2010); Increased ratio FA values in bilateral anterior limbs of IC: Yasuno et al. (2014) | – |
| PSA | |||
| Degree of WMH | – | RH WMH, right fronto-subcortical circuit WMH: Brodaty et al. (2005); Periventricular WMH: Tang et al. (2013a) | – |
| Large lesion volume | – | Hama et al. (2007b) | – |
| Large number of lesions | – | Tang et al. (2013a) | – |
| Metabolism | Glodzik-Sobanska et al. (2005) | – | – |
| Regional cerebral blood flow | Bilateral BG: Onoda et al. (2011) | – | Right dlF and lFT: Okada et al. (1997) |
| Fractional anisotropy | – | Reduced FA in Genu of CC, left anterior corona radiata, splenium of CC, and WM in the right IFG: Yang et al. (2015c). Reduced median FA, reduction in WM integrity in anterior cingulum, fornix and uncinate fasciculus: Hollocks et al. (2015) | – |
| Atrophy | – | Frontal cortical atrophy: Mihalov et al. (2016) | – |
ATR atrophy, BG basal ganglia, CC corpus collosum, CMB cerebral microbleeds, dlF dorsolateral frontal, FA fractional anisotropy, FC functional connectivity, FL frontal lobe, IFG inferior frontal gyrus, lFT left frontotemporal, RH right hemisphere, WM white matter, WMC white matter changes, WMH white matter hyperintensities, PSA post-stroke apathy, PSD post-stroke depression